Beneficial insects in maize crops: response to the use of biotrational insecticides for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda

Diana Mendez-Flota, Alejandra González-Moreno, Esau Ruiz-Sanchez, Carolina Flota-Bañuelos

Abstract


Background: the use of pesticides has had a negative impact on the environment and human health. This is why sustainable alternatives, such as biorational insecticides, are being promoted. However, several studies have reported sublethal effects on beneficial insects, highlighting the need for further research. Objective: to evaluate the effects of biorational insecticides on damage caused by S. frugiperda and beneficial insect communities in corn crops. Methods: an experimental plot of hybrid corn (variety Sorent) was established in an agricultural area of the Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Conkal from June to August 2021. Two biorational treatments (Spinetoram and Novaluron) and one control were applied. Insects were collected using sweep nets, forceps, and aspirators, identified to the family level, and classified into functional groups. To analyze the composition of beneficial insects, Whittaker plots were constructed, and a Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to assess differences in composition and abundance among treatments. In addition, damage and parasitism rates in Spodoptera frugiperda were evaluated, and the presence of pesticides in beneficial insects was also assessed. Results: a total of 639 beneficial insects were collected from the maize crop, including 491 predators, 85 decomposers, 43 parasitoids and 20 pollinators. There were no significant differences in the number of beneficial insects in each treatment group. S. frugiperda caused visible damage to the plants, but again, there were no significant differences between the treatments. The percentage of parasitoidism obtained with the Braconidae and Tachinidae families was 13.15%. Pesticides, including insecticides such as HCH and DDT, and the herbicide glyphosate, were present in the crop. Implications: the results indicate that biorational insecticides can be integrated into pest management programs without significantly affecting beneficial insects. Conclusion: it is crucial to evaluate the long-term effects of using these products on biodiversity and the health of agroecosystems.

Keywords


Beneficial insects; insecticides; herbicides; predators; parasitoids.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aduvukha, G.R., Abdel-Rahman, E.M., Mudereri, B.T., Sichangi, A.W., Makokha, G.O., Lattorff, H.M.G., Mohamed, S.A., Landmann, T., Tonnang, H.E.Z. and Dubois, T., 2024. Co-occurrence and abundance of pollinators and pests in horticultural systems in Africa using an integrated Earth observation-based approach. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 61(1), pp.2347068. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2024.2347068

Allam, R.O.H., Mohamed, G.S., El-Solimany, E. A. and Ahmed, E.E., 2023. Efficacy of some compounds against Thrips tabaci Lind. infesting onion plants at Sohag Governorate, Egypt. SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2), pp. 67-74. https://doi.org/10.21608/svuijas.2023.213595.1288

Amarasekare, K.G. and Shearer, P.W., 2013. Comparing effects of insecticides on two green lacewings species, Chrysoperla johnsoni and Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 106(3), pp. 1126–1133. https://doi.org/10.1603/ec12483

Aniwanou, C.T.S., Sinzogan, A.A.C., Deguenon, J.M., Sikirou, R., Stewart, D.A. and Ahanchede, A., 2021. Bio-Efficacy of Diatomaceous Earth, Household Soaps, and Neem Oil against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae in Benin. Insects, 12(1), pp.18. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12010018

Ashworth, L., Morales, C.L., Chacoff, N.P., y Aizen, M.A. 2012. Los polinizadores en la agricultura. Ciencia Hoy, 21(126), pp. 35-43. Recuperado: https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/196289

Ávila-Rodríguez, V., Rivera-Zamarripa, D., Nava-Camberos, U., Czaja, A., García-de la Peña, M. C., Estrada-Rodríguez, J. L., García González, F., y Ortega-Morales, A. I., 2023. Parasitismo natural de Spodoptera frugiperda en maíz en la Comarca Lagunera, México. Southwestern Entomologist, 48(1), pp. 195-202. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.048.0119

Besard, L., Mommaerts, V., Abdu-Alla, G. and Smagghe, G., 2011. Lethal and sublethal side-effect assessment supports a more benign profile of Spinetoram compared with spinosad in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Pest Management Science, 67(5), pp. 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2093

Beuzelin, M. M., Akbar, W., Mészáros, A., Reay-Jones, F. P. F. and Reagan, T. E., 2010. Field assessment of Novaluron for sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), management in Louisiana sugarcane. Crop Protection, 29, pp. 1168–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.06.004

Bolzan, A., Padovez, F.E., Nascimento, A.R., Kaiser, I.S., Lira, E.C., Amaral, F.S., Kanno, R.H., Malaquias, J. B. and Omoto, C., 2019. Selection and characterization of the inheritance of resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Chlorantraniliprole and cross-resistance to other diamide insecticides. Pest Management Science, 75, pp. 2682-2689. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5376

Bueno, A. d. F., Sutil, W. P., Cingolani, M. F. and Colmenarez, Y. C., 2024. Using egg parasitoids to manage caterpillars in soybean and maize: benefits, challenges, and major recommendations. Insects, 15, pp. 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110869

Cardoso, T. D. N., Stupp, P., Rakes, M., Martins, M. B., da Silva Filho, J. G., Grützmacher, A. D., Nava, D. E., Bernardi, D. and Botton, M., 2021. Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Pesticides Used in Fruit Growing on the Parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Implications for Integrated Fruit Fly Management. Journal of Economic Entomology, 114(6), pp. 2412-2420. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab176

Coronado-Blanco, J., Ruíz, E., Reséndiz-Ramírez, Z., Estrada, O. and Cambero, J., 2017. Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) colectados en maíz en localidades de Jalisco, Nayarit y Tamaulipas, México. Entomología Mexicana, pp. 759-764. Recuperado: https://acaentmex.org/entomologia/revista/2017/SM/EM1602017_766-771

Cortez-Mondaca, E., Pérez-Márquez, J. y Bahena-Juárez, F., 2008. Parasitoides y porcentaje de parasitismo de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en el sur de Sonora, México. Southwestern Entomologist, 33(2), pp.199-203. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.033.0209.

Climate-Data.org. 2021. Clima de Conkal. Recuperado de https://es.climate-data.org/america-del-norte/mexico/yucatan/conkal-218138/

Cutler, G.C., Scott-Dupree, C.D., Tolman, J.H. and Harris, C.R., 2007. Field efficacy of Novaluron for control of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on potato. Crop Protection, 26(5), pp.760-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.07.002

Davis, F.M., Baker, G.T. and William, W. P., 1995. Anatomical characteristics of maize resistant to leaf feeding by Southwestern Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 12, pp. 55-65.

De Almeida, T., Mesléard, F., Santonja, M., Gros, R., Dutoit, T. and Blight, O., 2020. Above- and below-ground effects of an ecosystem engineer ant in Mediterranean dry grasslands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 287, 20201840. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1840

Delfín-González, H., Bojórquez-Acevedo, M. and Manrique-Saide, P., 2007. Parasitoids of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from a traditional maize crop in the Mexican State of Yucatán. Florida Entomologist, 90, pp. 759-761. https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[759:POFALN]2.0.CO;2

Dias, B.L., Sarmento, R.A., Venzon, M., Jumbo, L.O.V., dos Santos, L.S.S., de Souza Moura, W., Mourão, D.d.S.C., Fernandes, P.R.d.S., Neitzke, T.R., Oliveira, J.V.d.A., Dias, T., Dalcin, M.S., Oliveira, E.E. and Santos, G.R.D., 2024. Morinda citrifolia essential oil: A plant resistance biostimulant and a sustainable alternative for controlling phytopathogens and insect pests. Biology, 13, p. 479. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13070479

Di Rienzo, J. A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M. G., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M. and Robledo, C.W., 2017. InfoStat versión 2017. Grupo InfoStat, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.

Do Carmo, D.G., Costa, T.L., Santana Júnior, P.A., Santana, W.C., Marsaro Júnior, A.L., Pereira, P.S., Santos, A.A. and Picanço, M.C., 2023. Efficacy and residual toxicity of insecticides on Plutella xylostella and their selectivity to the predator Solenopsis saevissima. Insects, 14(2), p. 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14020098

Drobnjakovi?, T., Prijovi?, M., Derviševi?, M., Brki?, D., Ricupero, M. and Mar?i?, D., 2025. Side effects of semi-synthetic insecticide Spinetoram on the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Pest management science, 81(1), pp. 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.8450

Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF). 2025 (Decreto por el que se da a conocer el listado de plaguicidas que se determinan como prohibidos en el territorio nacional. https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_to_pdf.php?edicion=VES&fecha=04%2F09%2F2025

Donaher, S.E. and Van den Hurk, P., 2023. Ecotoxicology of the herbicide paraquat: effects on wildlife and knowledge gaps. Ecotoxicology, 32, pp. 1187-1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-023-02714-y

Eaton, E.R. and Kaufman, K., 2007. Field Guide to Insects of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Egorov, L.V., Sazhnev, A.S., Dedyukhin, S.V., Ruchin, A.B., Trushitsyna, O.S., Nikolaeva, A.M., Esin, M.N. and Lobachev, E.A., 2024. Biodiversity of Coleoptera (Insecta) in Central European Russia. Diversity, 16(12), pp. 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16120740

Fagundes Matioli, T., Zanuzo Zanardi, O. and Takao Yamamoto, P., 2019. Impacts of seven insecticides on Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Ecotoxicology, 28(10), pp. 1210-1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-019-02129-8

Fan, Z., Kong, W., Ran, X., Lv, X., Ma, C. and Yan, H., 2024. Biological and physiological changes in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae induced by non-consumptive effects of the predator Harmonia axyridis. Agriculture, 14(9), p. 1566. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091566

FAO/OMS.2002.Novaluron. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Specs/novaluro.pdf

Fernandez, F. and Sharkey, M. J. 2006. Introducción a los Hymenoptera de la región neotropical. Instituto de Ecología, A.C.

Freire, Í.A., Nascimento, I.N.D., Rocha, G.T., Santos, P.D.L.B.D., Cunha, B.B.D.R., Ferreira, A.D.C.D.L, and Monnerat, R. G., 2024. Production of Bacillus thuringiensis in “On Farm” Biofactories Is So Efficient Like a Commercial Product to Control Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Agronomy, 14(12), p. 2776. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122776

Galm, U. and Sparks, T. C., 2016. Natural product derived insecticides: Discovery and development of Spinetoram. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 43(2-3), pp. 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-015-1710-x

Gao, Z., Batool, R., Xie, W., Huang, X. and Wang, Z., 2022. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the importance of amino-acid metabolism in Spodoptera frugiperda exposed to Spinetoram. Insects, 13(9), p. 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090852

García-Gutiérrez, C., González-Maldonado, M.B. and González-Hernández, A., 2013. Parasitismo natural de Braconidae e Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomología, 39(2), pp. 211–215. Recuperado http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-04882013000200006

Góngora-Gamboa, C., García-Ramírez, A. and Ruiz-Sánchez, E. 2025. Toxicidad oral del insecticida Spinetoram en dos especies de abejas nativas. Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria, 29, pp. 29–30. https://doi.org/10.53897/RevAIA.25.29.24

Gutiérrez-Ramírez, A., Robles-Bermúdez, A., Cambero, J., Santillán, C., Ortíz, M., Coronado-Blanco, J.M. and Campos, M., 2015. Parasitoides de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) encontrados en Nayarit, México. Southwestern Entomologist, 40, pp. 555–564. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.040.0314

Haddi, K., Turchen, L.M., Viteri, L.O., Guedes, R.N., Pereira, J.G., Aguiar, W.S. and Oliveira, E., 2020. Rethinking biorational insecticides for the pest management: unintended effects and consequences. Pest Management Science.pp.5837. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5837

Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T. and Ryan, P.D., 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1), pp.1–9. https://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm

Han, K. R., Wang, W. W., Yang, W. Q., Li, X., Liu, T. X. and Zhang, S. Z., 2023. Characterization of CrufCSP1 and its potential involvement in host location by Cotesia ruficrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an indigenous parasitoid of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. Insects, 14(12), p. 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14120920

Hernández-Aranda, V., Jarquin-Gálvez, R., Lara-Ávila, P. and Aguilar-Benítez, G., 2022. Bioprospección de insectos benéficos en sistemas de producción agroecológicos y orgánicos en San Luis Potosí. Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas, 13(3), pp. 511-525. Recuperado: https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-09342022000300511

Hierlmeier, V.R., Gurten, S., Freier, K.P., Schlick-Steiner, B.C. and Steiner, F.M., 2022. Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals in insects: current state of research and where to from here? Science of The Total Environment, p. 838, 153830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153830

Huber, J.T., 2017. Biodiversity of Hymenoptera. In: Foottit, R.G and Adler, eds. P.H. Insect Biodiversity, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 419-461. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945568.ch12

Hussein, H.S., Salem, M.Z.M., Soliman, A.M. and Eldesouky, S.E., 2023. Comparative study of three plant-derived extracts as new management strategies against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Scientific Reports, 13(1), p. 3542. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30588-x

Isman, M. B., 2019. Challenges of Pest Management in the Twenty First Century: New Tools and Strategies to Combat Old and New Foes Alike. Frontiers in Agronomy, pp.2. http://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2019.00002

Jafari, M., Aghdam, H.R., Zamani, A.A., Goldasteh, S., Soleyman-Nejadian, E. and Schausberger, P., 2023. Thermal oviposition performance of the ladybird Stethorus gilvifrons preying on two-spotted spider mites. Insects, 14(2), p.199. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14020199

Jiménez-Martínez, M.L., Ramírez-Ahuja, M.d.L., Saldaña-Torres, D.R., Martinez-Fierro, M.L., Delgado-Enciso, I., Flores-Suarez, A.E., Reséndez-Pérez, D., Guzmán-Velasco, A. and Rodríguez-Sánchez, I.P., 2024. De novo miRNAs from Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) conserved in the order Hymenoptera. Insects, 15(12), p.1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15121007

Kenis, M., 2023. Prospects for classical biological control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in invaded areas using parasitoids from the Americas. Journal of Economic Entomology, 116(2), pp. 331-341. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad029

Ku-Pech, E.M, Mijangos-Cortés, J.O, Simá-Gómez, J.L, Islas-Flores, I, Sauri-Duch, E, and Latournerie-Moreno, L., 2020. Los maíces nativos de la Península de Yucatán: La maravilla en sus colores. Desde el Herbario CICY, 12(74), 74–79. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Recuperado http://www.cicy.mx/sitios/desde_herbario/

Kleiman, B. and Koptur, S. 2023. Kleiman, B. and Koptur, S., 2023. Weeds enhance insect diversity and abundance and may improve soil conditions in mango cultivation of South Florida. Insects, 14(1), p.65. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14010065

Li, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, P., Lin, W., Lin, Q., Li, Z., Hang, F., Zhang, Z. and Lu, Y., 2015. Baseline Susceptibility of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to the Novel Insecticide Spinetoram in China. Journal of economic entomology, 108(2), pp. 736–741. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tou060

Lira, E. C., Bolzan, A., Nascimento, A. R., Amaral, F. S., Kanno, R. H., Kaiser, I. S. and Omoto, C., 2020. Resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Spinetoram: inheritance and cross-resistance to spinosad. Pest Management Science, 76(8), pp. 2674-2680. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.5812

Luna-Cruz, A., Lomeli-Flores, J. R., Rodríguez-Leyva, E., Tovar-Hernández, H., Vanegas-Rico, J. M. and Murillo-Hernández, J. E., 2018. Toxicity of a botanical insecticide on Bombus impatiens, Apis mellifera, Chrysoperla carnea and Orius insidiosus. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 9(7), pp. 1423-1436. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v9i7.851

McGraw, B.A. and Aker, S.A., 2025. Lethal and sublethal effects of Novaluron, a novel insect growth regulator, on annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, lifestages in turfgrass. Crop Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70042

McLean-Rodríguez F.D, Costich D.E, Camacho-Villa TC, Pè M.E. and Dell'Acqua M., 2021. Genetic diversity and selection signatures in maize landraces compared across 50 years of in situ and ex situ conservation. Heredity (Edinb), 126(6), pp. 913–928. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-021-00423-y

Mansoor, R.S. Mule, K.V. Naik and Rajemahadik, V A., 2022 Larvicidal efficacy of some chitin synthesis inhibitors against Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Experimental Zoology- India, 25, pp. 371-376. DocID: https://connectjournals.com/03895.2022.25.371

Mamy, L., Pesce, S., Sanchez, W., Aviron, S., Bedos, C., Berny, P., Bertrand, C., Betoulle, S., Charles, S., Chaumot, A., Coeurdassier, M., Coutellec, M. A., Crouzet, O., Faburé, J., Fritsch, C., Gonzalez, P., Hedde, M., Leboulanger, C., Margoum, C., Mougin, C., Munaron, D., Nélieu, S., Pelosi, C., Rault, M., Thomas, M., Tournebize, J. and Leenhardt, S., 2023. Impacts of neonicotinoids on biodiversity: a critical review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32, pp. 2794–2829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31032-3

Martins Filho, S., Duarte, M.L. and Venzon, M., 2023. Survival analysis of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) exposed to neem-based products. Agriculture, 13(2), p. 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020292

Martínez, M., Gutiérrez, L., Olivares, V. and Jarquín, R., 2012. Parasitismo natural de larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) en Etla, Oaxaca. En: XXXV Congreso Nacional de Control Biológico, pp. 344–347. Puebla, México.

Masek, M., Motyka, M., Kusy, D., Bocek, M., Li, Y. and Bocak, L., 2018. Molecular phylogeny, diversity and zoogeography of net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Insects, 9(4), p. 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040154

Mauricio-Gutiérrez, A., Romero-Arenas, O., Tamariz-Flores, J.V., Mora Ravelo, S.G., Cedillo Ramírez, L., Yañez Santos, J. A. and Baéz Simón, A., 2023. Enfermedades infecciosas asociadas a la exposición a contaminantes en una población local de México. Ciencias Aplicadas, 13(23), p. 12754. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312754

Mazón, M., Sánchez-Angarita, D., Díaz, F.A., Gutiérrez, N. and Jaimez, R., 2018. Entomofauna associated with agroforestry systems of timber species and cacao in the southern region of the Maracaibo Lake Basin (Mérida, Venezuela). Insects, 9(2), p. 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9020046

Meehan, T.D., Werling, B. P., Landis, D.A. and Gratton, C., 2012. Potencial de supresión de plagas en paisajes del Medio Oeste bajo escenarios bioenergéticos contrastantes. PLoS ONE, 7(7), pp. e41728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041728

Meteoblue. 2021. Datos climáticos y meteorológicos históricos simulados para Conkal, México. Recuperado https://www.meteoblue.com/es/tiempo/historyclimate/climatemodelled/conkal_m%C3%A9xico_3530295

Mertz, F.P. and Yao, R.C., 1990. Saccharopolyspora spinosa sp. nov. isolated from soil collected in a sugar mill rum still. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 40(1), pp. 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-40-1-34

Microsoft Corporation. 2019. Microsoft Excel (versión 2019) [Software]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft.

Moo-Muñoz, A.J., Azorín-Vega, E.P., Ramírez-Durán, N and Moreno-Pérez, M.P., 2020 Estado de la producción y consumo de plaguicidas en México. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 23(2), pp. 43–55. https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.3225

Molina-Ochoa, J., Carpenter, J.E., Lezama-Gutiérrez, R., Foster, J.E., González-Ramírez, M., Ángel-Sahagún, C.A. and Farías-Larios, J., 2004. Distribución natural de parasitoides himenópteros de larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en México. Florida Entomologist, 87(4), pp. 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2004)087[0461:NDOHPO]2.0.CO;2

Motta, E., Powell, J. E. and Moran, N.A., 2022. Glyphosate induces immune dysregulation in honey bees. Animal Microbiome, 4(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-022-00165-0

Nájera Rincón, M.B. y Souza, B., 2010. Insectos benéficos: guía para su identificación. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Uruapan, Michoacán, México.

Ni, M., Yang, X., Zheng, Y., Wang, Y. and Jiang, M., 2024. Discovering native ant species with the potential to suppress red imported fire ants. Insects, 15(8), p. 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15080582

Ochieng, L.O., Ogendo, J.O., Bett, P.K., Nyaanga, J.G., Cheruiyot, E.K., Mulwa, R.M.S., Arnold, S.E.J., Belmain, S.R. and Stevenson, P.C., 2022. Field margins and botanical insecticides enhance Lablab purpureus yield by reducing aphid pests and supporting natural enemies. Journal of Applied Entomology = Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 146(7), pp. 838-849. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.13023

Ordoñez, G.M., Ríos, V.C., Berlanga, R.D.I., Acosta, M.C.H., Salas, M.M.A. y Cambero, C.O.J., 2015. Reporte preliminar de entomopatógenos del ‘gusano cogollero’ Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en Chihuahua, México. Entomología Mexicana, 2, pp. 241-246.

Ortíz, I., Avila-Chávez, M. y Torres, L., 2014. Plaguicidas en México: usos, riesgos y marco regulatorio. Revista Latinoamericana de Biotecnología Ambiental y Algal, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.7603/s40682-014-0003-9

Otim, M.H., Adumo, S., Opio, M., Kanyesigye, D., Nakelet, H. and Tek, W., 2021. Parasitoid distribution and parasitism of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in different maize producing regions of Uganda. Insects, 12, p. 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020121

Pantoja-Pulido, K.D., Rodríguez, J., Isaza-Martínez, J.H., Gutiérrez-Cabrera, M., Colmenares-Dulcey, A.J. and Montoya-Lerma, J., 2020. Actividad insecticida y colinesterasa de extractos de diclorometano de Tithonia diversifolia en hormigas obreras Atta cephalotes (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Insects, 11(3), p. 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11030180

Paredes-Sánchez, F.A., Rivera, G., Bocanegra-García, V., Martínez-Padrón, H.Y., Berrones-Morales, M., Niño-García, N. and Herrera-Mayorga, V., 2021. Advances in control strategies against Spodoptera frugiperda: a review. Molecules, 26(18), p. 5587. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185587

Parsaeyan, E., Saber, M., Safavi, S., Poorjavad, N. and Biondi, A., 2020. Side effects of chlorantraniliprole, phosalone and spinosad on the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae. Ecotoxicology, 29(7), pp.1052-1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02235-y

Peterson, H. M., Talamas, E. and Krawczyk, G., 2021. Survey for adventive populations of the samurai wasp, Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Pennsylvania at commercial fruit orchards and the surrounding forest. Insects, 12(3), p. 258. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12030258

Phambala, K., Tembo, Y., Kasambala, T., Kabambe, V.H., Stevenson, P.C. and Belmain, S.R., 2020. Bioactividad de plantas pesticidas comunes en larvas del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda). Plants, 9(1), p. 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010112

Piovesan, B., Padilha, A.C., Morais, M.C., Botton, M., Grützmacher, A.D. and Zotti, M.J., 2020. Effects of insecticides used in strawberries on stingless bees Melipona quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(34), pp.42472-42480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10191-7

Pitts-Singer, T. L. and Barbour, J. D., 2017. Effects of residual Novaluron on reproduction in alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata F.(Megachilidae). Pest Management Science, 73(1), pp. 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4356

Qi, X., Cheng, S., Hong, L., Wang, X., Zhong, Q., Jiang, W. and Chen, J., 2024. Maize yield and quality response to Lepidoptera pest control in different periods in South China. Agronomy, 14(12), p. 2938. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122938

Qu, X., Zhang, X., Sun, T., Qiu, Z., Lu, Q., Bi, Z., Qin, H., Hu, J., Tang, P., Cao, L. and Chen, X., 2025. Investigation and study on the biology and morphology of Apis florea and Apis dorsata in Southern China. Life, 15(3), p. 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030341

Ramazan, S., Nazir, I., Yousuf, W. and John, R., 2023. Environmental stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays): role of polyamine metabolism. Functional Plant Biology, 50(2), pp. 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP21324

Rodríguez-Cervantes, M., León-Herrera, L. R., Ventura-Salcedo, S. A., Monroy-Dosta, M. d. C., Rodríguez-deLeón, E., Bah, M. M., Campos-Guillén, J., Amaro-Reyes, A., Zavala-Gómez, C. E., Figueroa-Brito, R., Mariscal-Ureta, K. E., Pool, H., Ramos-Mayorga, I. and Ramos-López, M. A., 2025. Salvia connivens methanolic extract against Spodoptera frugiperda and Tenebrio molitor and its effect on Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio. Toxics, 13(2), p. 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13020094

Rodríguez-Mota, A., 2019. Avispas ichneumonoideas que atacan al gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda) en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.) en México. Agroproductividad, pp. 28-31.Recuperado: https://revista-agroproductividad.org/index.php/agroproductividad/article/view/500

Ruiz-Toledo, J., Vandame, R., Castro-Chan, R.A., Penilla-Navarro, R.P., Gómez, J. and Sánchez, D., 2018. Organochlorine pesticides in honey and pollen samples from managed colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus and the stingless bee Scaptotrigona mexicana Guérin from Southern, Mexico. Insects, 9(2), p. 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9020054

Salazar López, N.J. y Aldana Madrid, M.L. 2011. Herbicida glifosato: usos, toxicidad y regulación. Biotecnia, 13(2), pp. 23-28. https://doi.org/10.18633/bt.v13i2.83

Santorum, M., Brancalhão, R.M.C., Guimarães, A.T.B., Padovani, C.R., Tettamanti, G. and dos Santos, D.C., 2019. Negative impact of Novaluron on the nontarget insect Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Environmental Pollution, 249, pp. 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.095

Serrano-Domínguez, A.K., Coronado-Blanco, J.M., Ruíz-Cancino, E., López-Santillán, J.A., Estrada-Drouaillet, B. and Salas-Araiza, M.D., 2021. Parasitoids of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), at three localities of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist, 45(4), pp. 907-916. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.045.0407

Shearer, P.W., Amarasekare, K.G., Castagnoli, S.P., Beers, E.H., Jones, V.P. and Mills, N.J., 2016. Large-plot field studies to assess impacts of newer insecticides on non-target arthropods in Western U.S. orchards. Biological Control, 102, pp. 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.05.004

Siviter, H., Brown, M.J.F. and Leadbeater, E., 2018. Sulfoxaflor exposure reduces bumblebee reproductive success. Nature, 561(7721), pp. 109-112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0430-6

Schifani, E., Giannetti, D. and Grasso, D.A., 2023. Predatory abilities of two Mediterranean ants on the eggs and larvae of the codling moth Cydia pomonella. Insects, 14(2), p. 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14020097

Tamez-Guerra, P., Tamayo-Mejía, F., Gomez-Flores, R., Rodríguez-Padilla, C., Damas, G., Tamez-Guerra, R.S. and Williams, T., 2017. Increased efficacy and extended shelf life of spinosad formulated in phagostimulant granules against Spodoptera frugiperda. Pest Management Science, 74(1), pp. 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4656

Tejeda-Reyes, M. A., Solís-Aguilar, J.F., Díaz-Nájera, J. F., Peláez-Arroyo, A., Ayvar-Serna, S. and Mena-Bahena, A. (s.f.). Evaluación de insecticidas en el control de gusano cogollero Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en maíz en Cocula, Guerrero. Entomología Agrícola, 7. pp. 391 394.

Tremblay, É., Bélanger, A., Brosseau, M. and Boivin, G., 2008. Toxicity and sublethal effects of an insecticidal soap on Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Pest Management Science, 64(1), pp. 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1514

Tschoeke, P.H., Oliveira, E.E., Dalcin, M.S., Silveira-Tschoeke, M.C.A.C., Sarmento, R.A. and Santos, G.R., 2019. Botanical and synthetic pesticides alter the flower visitation rates of pollinator bees in Neotropical melon fields. Environmental Pollution, 251, pp. 591-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.133

Tudi, M., Daniel Ruan, H., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Sadler, R., Connell, D., Chu, C. and Phung, D.T., 2021. Agriculture development, pesticide application and its impact on the environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), p. 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031112

Van Driesche, R.G., 1983. The meaning of percent parasitism in studies of insect parasitoids. Environmental Entomology, 12, pp. 1611–1622.

Wang, P., Wei, H., Sun, W., Li, L., Zhou, P., Li, D. and Qiang, Z., 2020. Effects of Bt-Cry1Ah1 transgenic poplar on target and non-target pests and their parasitic natural enemy in field and laboratory trials. Forests, 11(12), p. 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11121255

Wang, Y., Iqbal, A., Ahmed, K.S., Zhang, Z.K., Cui, J. and Zhang, C., 2025. Impact of oviposition sequence and host egg density on offspring emergence and interspecific competition in two species of Trichogramma parasitoids. Insects, 16(2), p. 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16020214

Weidenmüller, A., Meltzer, A., Neupert, S., Schwarz, A. and Kleineidam, C., 2022. Glyphosate impairs collective thermoregulation in bumblebees. Science, 376(6597), pp. 1122-1126. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf7482

Weatherspark. 2021. Clima promedio en Conkal, México durante todo el año. Recuperado https://es.weatherspark.com/y/12416/Clima-promedio-en-Conkal-M%C3%A9xico-durante-todo-el-a%C3%B1o

Xue, C., Mao, J., Xu, B., Zhou, L., Zhou, H., Mao, J., Shen, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, M. and Li, Y., 2025. Biological control potential of the reduviid predator Rhynocoris fuscipes (Fabricius) in managing noctuid pests: insights into predation and prey preference. Insects, 16(2), p. 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16020224

Zhang, L.-W., Lu, F.-F., Zhu, L., Zhou, C.-X., Xu, X.-M., Zhang, N., Zhou, L.-J., Desneux, N., Wang, Y.-H. and Dong, Y.-C., 2024. Isolation and evaluation of indigenous isolates of Beauveria bassiana and synergistic control of Spodoptera frugiperda with the parasitoid Microplitis prodeniae. Insects, 15(11), p. 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110877

Zou, D., Coudron, T. A., Zhang, L., Xu, W., Xu, J., Wang, M., Xiao, X. and Wu, H., 2021. Effect of prey species and prey densities on the performance of adult Coenosia attenuata. Insects, 12(8), p. 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080669




URN: http://www.revista.ccba.uady.mx/urn:ISSN:1870-0462-tsaes.v29i1.65874

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.6587



Copyright (c) 2026 Alejandra Gonzalez-Moreno

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.