Incidence of Lasiodiplodia theobromae on the dieback of ecuadorian cocoa: Nacional, CCN-51 and Trinitario

Angel Virgilio Cedeño-Moreira, Juan Antonio Torres Rodriguez, Ketty Vanessa Arellano-Ibarra, Mercedes Susana Carranza Patiño, Gerardo Zapata-Sifuentes, Pablo Preciado-Rangel

Abstract


Background: Cocoa production in Ecuador, the world leader in fine flavour cocoa, faces losses due to dieback caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. This phytopathogen affects the quality and yield of the crop. Currently, information on the susceptibility of the main Ecuadorian varieties to this disease remains limited. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of L. theobromae on dieback of Ecuadorian cocoa: Nacional, CCN-51, and Trinitario. Methodology: The study was carried out between April and August 2023 at the La María Experimental Campus located in the town of Mocache, Los Ríos province, Ecuador. The experiments were conducted using a completely randomised design with three treatments, five replicates and ten experimental units per treatment. Isolations of the fungus were made from infected ears of the CCN-51 variety, and were morphologically and molecularly characterised. In this study, mycelial growth rate, colony diameter (cm) and infection coverage on cocoa pods (cm) were evaluated. In addition, fungal growth was determined in three culture media (potato dextrose agar, corn meal agar, and malt extract agar) at 14, 28, and 40 °C. Results: It was observed that potato dextrose agar medium and temperature of 28 °C were optimal for fungal growth. Internal and external infection coverage on cobs showed that Nacional was the most susceptible variety, followed by CCN-51 and Trinitario. The highest spore density was found on the surface of the cobs of the CCN-51 variety. Implications: The results highlight the need to strengthen integrated disease management and consider varietal resistance in breeding programmes. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm the high incidence of L. theobromae in the evaluated cocoa varieties. The Nacional variety was the most susceptible, registering the highest internal and external infection coverage, as well as high seedling mortality.

Keywords


morphological characterization; genetic variability; fungal growth; infection cover; susceptibility; pathogenicity.

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References


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