Integration of plant extracts and Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the management of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Laura Delia Ortega-Arenas, Edgar Eduardo Mendoza-García, Juan Antonio Villanueva-Jiménez, Miguel Ángel Serrato-Cruz

Abstract


Background. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is among the most harmful pests that limit citrus yields, as it is a vector of the bacterium that causes Huanglongbing (HLB). Its management is based on the use of insecticides. Still, the possibility of using alternative techniques such as plant extracts and the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) within an IPM program has recently been explored. Objectives. To evaluate the combined application of essential vegetable oils of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), Tagetes coronopifolia Willd., T. lemmonii A. Gray, and T. terniflora Kunth (Asteraceae) with the parasitoid T. radiata in the management of D. citri. Methodology. In the first phase, the toxicity of the oils at different concentrations (LC30, LC50, LC80) toxic to D. citri was evaluated on the parasitoid, followed by two compatibility tests. The first consisted of directly applying the oils to nymphs and subsequently exposing them to T. radiata. In a second phase, exposure to the parasitoid was carried out first, followed by applying the oils. Results. T. coronopifolia and T. lemmonii essential oils were safe (Category 1; mortality < 30 % IOBC) for adults of T. radiata. Instead, the three evaluated concentrations of T. terniflora (0.02, 0.21, and 7.12 mg mL-1) were slightly harmful (Category 2: 30-79 % IOBC) for the parasitoid. In compatibility tests, applying oils (LC80 and LC50), in the first phase affected the feeding and parasitism of T. radiata. However, the LC30 of T. lemmonii oil in combination with the parasitoid reduced the population of D. citri nymphs by 81 %, followed by T. coronopifolia (76 %) and T. terniflora (63.2 %). A complementary interaction occurred in the second compatibility test (parasitoid-oils), since combining T. radiata with the application of the three oils suppressed by 80 % or more the population of D. citri nymphs. Implications. The feasibility of simultaneously employing extracts and parasitoids as effective control tactics for the integrated management of D. citri-HLB might depend on carefully selecting extracts, concentrations, and application times. Conclusions. It is possible to reach the compatibility between the parasitoid T. radiata and T. coronopifolia, T. lemmonii, and F. vulgare sprayed oils for the integrated management of D. citri, as long as the nymphs are first exposed to the parasitoid and then to the extracts LC30.

Keywords


botanical insecticides; IPM; vegetable oils; Tagetes; biological control; citrus pests.

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URN: http://www.revista.ccba.uady.mx/urn:ISSN:1870-0462-tsaes.v28i3.64133

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.6413

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