ESTIMATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND METHANE EMISSIONS IN SORGHUM SILAGE

Melchor Rosas-Davila, Ernesto Morales-Almaraz, Felipe Lopez-Gonzalez, Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordan

Abstract


Background. Feeding cattle in small-scale silage-based dairy production systems can improve their production efficiency while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Objective. To determine the effect of partial replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage on the concentration of secondary metabolites in terms of Total Phenols (TP), Total Tannins (TT), and Condensed Tannins (CT), as well as to estimate methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Methodology. The treatments were analyzed with a split-plot experimental design where the treatments (main plot) were; T1 = 50% sorghum silage cv Top Green + 50% corn silage, T2 = 50% sorghum silage cv Caña Dulce + 50% corn silage, T3 = 100% corn silage cv Cenzontle (control), and the measurement periods were the minor plots. Results. Inclusion of sorghum silage decreased enteric methane and carbon dioxide emissions (P<0.05), even though the concentration of phytochemical compounds among cultivars was not variable (P>0.05). Implications. Understanding the impact of changing forage chemical composition on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in dairy systems is an important issue for mitigating climate change. Conclusions. The inclusion of sorghum silage in this study slightly reduced enteric methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Under these conditions, it is suggested that more information be provided on greenhouse gas emission factors and mitigation strategies in small-scale production systems.

Keywords


fermented forages, methane, ruminants, total phenolic compounds, total tannins, condensed tannins.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aguirre-Villegas, H.A., Passos-Fonseca, T.H., Reinemann, D.J. and Larson, R., 2017. Grazing intensity affects the environmental impact of dairy systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(8), pp. 6804-6821. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12325

Andrade-Rivero, E., Martínez-Campos, A.R., Castelán-Ortega, O.A., Ríos-Quezada, J., Pacheco-Ortega, Y. and Estrada-Flores, J.G., 2012. Producción de metano utilizando plantas taníferas como substrato en fermentación ruminal in vitro y efecto de extractos fenólicos en la microflora ruminal. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 15(2), pp. 301-312. https://www.revista.ccba.uady.mx/ojs/index.php/TSA/article/view/841

Benaouda, M., González-Ronquillo, M., Molina, L.T. and Castelán-Ortega, O.A., 2017. Estado de la investigación sobre emisiones de metano entérico y estrategias de mitigación en América Latina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 8(4), pp. 965-974. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v8i4.20

Carrillo-Hernández, S., López-González, F., Estrada-Flores, J.G. and Arriaga-Jordán, C.M., 2020. Milk production and estimated enteric methane emission from cows grazing ryegrass pastures in small-scale dairy systems in Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(6), pp. 3609-3619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02398-0

Díaz-Medina, L.K., Colín-Navarro, V., Arriaga-Jordán, C.M., Brunett-Pérez, L., Vázquez-De-Aldana, B.R. and Estrada-Flores, J.G., 2021. In vitro nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of three weed species as feed additives for sheep in the Central Highlands of Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53(3), pp. 394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02819-8

Dini, Y., Gere, J., Briano, C., Manetti, M., Juliarena, P., Picasso, V., Gratton, R. and Astigarraga, L., 2012. Methane emission and milk production of dairy cows grazing pastures rich in legumes or rich in grasses in Uruguay. Animals, 2(2), pp. 288-300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani2020288

Dong, L., Li, B. and Diao, Q., 2019. Effects of dietary forage proportion on feed intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and enteric methane emissions of Holstein heifers at various growth stages. Animals, 9(10), pp. 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100725

Espinoza-Ortega, A., Espinosa-Ayala, E., Bastida-López, J., Castañeda-Martínez, T. and Arriaga-Jordán, C.M., 2007. Small-scale dairy farming in the highlands of central Mexico: Technical, economic, and social aspects and their impact on poverty. Experimental Agriculture, 43(2), pp. 241-256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479706004613

Eugene, M., Klumpp, K. and Sauvant, D., 2021. Methane mitigating options with forages fed to ruminants. Grass and Forage Science, 76(2), pp. 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12540

Goel, G. and Makkar, H. P., 2012. Methane mitigation from ruminants using tannins and saponins. Tropical Animal Health Production, 44(4), pp. 729-739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9966-2

Hristov, A.N., Oh, J., Lee, C., Meinen, R., Montes, F., Ott, T., Firkins, J., Rotz, A., Dell, C., Adesogan, A., Yang, W., Tricarico, J., Kebreab, E., Waghorn, G., Dijkstra, J. and Oosting, S., 2013. Mitigacio?n de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en la producción ganadera – Una revisio?n de las opciones técnicas para la reducción de las emisiones de gases diferentes al CO2. Editado por Pierre J. Gerber, Benjamín Henderson y Harinder P.S. Makkar. Produccio?n y Sanidad Animal FAO Documento No. 177. FAO, Roma, Italia.

INEGI., 2013. Compendio de información geográfica municipal 2010. Aculco, México.

IPCC., 2019. Emissions from livestock and manure management. In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (ed) 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA.

Jayanegara, A., F. Leiber, and M. Kreuzer. 2012. Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiments. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 96, pp.365–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01172.x

Jonker, A., Molano, G., Koolaard, J. and Muetzel, S. (2017). Methane emissions from lactating and non-lactating dairy cows and growing cattle fed fresh pasture. Animal Production Science, 57(4), pp. 643-648. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15656

Kaewpila, C., Gunun, P., Kesorn, P. Subepang, S., Thip-Uten, S., Cai, Y., Pholsen, S., Cherdthong, A. and Khota, W., 2021. Improving ensiling characteristics by adding lactic acid bacteria modifies in vitro digestibility and methane production of forage-sorghum mixture silage. Scientific Reports, 11, pp. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81505-z

Khota, W., Pholsen, S., Higgs, D., and Cai Y., 2017. Fermentation quality and in vitro methane production of sorghum silage prepared with cellulase and lactic acid bacteria. Animal Bioscience, 30(11), pp.1568-1574. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0502

Ku-Vera, J.C., Jiménez-Ocampo, R., Valencia-Salazar, S.S., Montoya-Flores, M.D., Molina-Botero, I.C., Arango, J., Gómez-Bravo, C.A., Aguilar-Pérez, C.F., and Solorio-Sánchez, F.J., 2020. Role of secondary plant metabolites on enteric methane mitigation in ruminants. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, pp.584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00584

Makkar, H., 2003. Chemical, protein precipitation and bioassays for tannins, tannin levels and activity in unconventional feeds, and effects and fate of tannins. In: H.P.S. Makkar (ed), Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage: A laboratory manual, (Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland). 1–42.

Makkar, H.P.S., Siddhuraju, P. and Becker, K., 2007. Plant Secondary Metabolites. Methods in Molecular Biology, 393, pp. 1-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-425-4_1

McCary, C.L., Vyas, D., Faciola, A.P. and Ferraretto, L.F., 2020. Graduate Student Literature Review: Current perspectives on whole-plant sorghum silage production and utilization by lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(6), pp. 5783-5790. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-18122

Niu, M., Kebreab, E., Hristov, A.N., Oh, J., Arndt, C., Bannink, A., Bayat, A.R., Brito, A. F., Boland, T., Casper, D., Crompton, L.A., Dijkstra, J., Eugene, M.A., Garnsworthy, P.C., Haque M.N., Hellwing, A.L.F., Huhtanen, P., Krauzer, M., Kuhla, B., Lund, P., Madsen, J., Martin, C., McClelland. S.C., McGee, M., Moate, P.J., Muetzel, S., Muñoz, C., O´Kiely, P., Peiren, N., Reynolds, C.K., Schwarm, A., Shingfield, K.J., Storlien, T. M., Weisbjerg, M.R., Yanez-Ruiz, D.R., Yu, Z., 2018. Prediction of enteric methane production, yield, and intensity in dairy cattle using an intercontinental database. Global Change Biology, 24(8), pp.3368-3389. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14094

Ojeda, A., Frías, A., González, R., Linares, Z. y Pizzani, P., 2010. Contenido de taninos, fósforo fítico y actividad de fitasas en el grano de 12 híbridos de sorgo granifero (Sorhum bicolor (L) Moench). Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 60(1), pp. 93-98. https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2010/1/art-14/

Oliveira, S.G., Berchielli, T.T., Pedreira, M., Primavesi, O., Frighetto, R. and Lima, M., 2007. Effect of tannin levels in sorghum silage and concentrate supplementation on apparent digestibility and methane emission in beef cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 135(3), pp. 236-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.07.012

Piñeiro-Vázquez, A.T., Jiménez-Ferrer, G., Alayon-Gamboa, J.A., Chay-Canul, A.J., Ayala-Burgos, A.J., Aguilar-Pérez, C.F. and Ku-Vera, J.C., 2018. Effects of quebracho tannin extract on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and methane production in crossbred heifers fed low-quality tropical grass. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50(1), pp. 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1396-3

Plata-Reyes, D.A., Martínez-García, C.G., Hernández-Mendo, O. and Arriaga-Jordán, C.M., 2023. Dynamics of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and Kikuyo grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) pastures associated with clover (Trifolium repens) in small scale dairy systems in the highlands of central Mexico. African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 40(4), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2022.2144946

Prospero-Bernal, F., Martínez-García, C, G., Olea-Pérez, R., López-González, F. and Arriaga-Jordán, C.M., 2017. Intensive grazing and maize silage to enhance the sustainability of small-scale dairy systems in the highlands of Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 49(7), pp. 1537-1544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1360-2

Robles-Jiménez, L. E., Rosas-Dávila, M., Osorio-Avalos, J., Chay-Canul, A.J., Palacios-Riocerezo, C., Castelán-Ortega, O.A. and González-Ronquillo, M., 2021. Evaluation of Mexican native and hybrid maize (Zea mays) silage for sustainable milk production. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 24(3), pp. 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.3782

Rosas-Dávila, M., Estrada-Flores, J. G., López-González, F. and Arriaga-Jordan. C. M., 2020. Endophyte-free tall fescue pastures for small-scale dairy systems in the highlands of central Mexico. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 90(5), pp. 778-783. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i5.104631

Rosas-Dávila, M., Morales-Almaráz, E., López-González, F. and Arriaga-Jordán, C.M. 2024. Uso del ensilado de sorgo variedad top green y variedad caña dulce para la producción de leche en sistemas de pequeña escala. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 27, p.064. http://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4917

Sabertanha, E., Rouzbehan, Y., Fazaeli, H. and Rezaei, J., 2021. Nutritive value of sorghum silage for sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology Animal Nutrition, 105(6), pp. 1034-1045. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13548

Toro-Mujica, P., Aguilar, C., Vera, R. R. and Bas, F., 2017. Carbon footprint of sheep production systems in semi-arid zone of Chile: A simulation-based approach of productive scenarios and precipitation patterns. Agricultural Systems, 157, pp. 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.06.012

Vega-García, J.I., López-González, F., Morales-Almaraz, E. and Arriaga-Jordán, C.M., 2024., Production and estimation of methane emissions from cows fed with small-grain cereals in the central highlands of Mexico. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 27(2), p.051. https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5062

Yang, Y., Ferreira, G., Corl, B.A. and Campbell, B.T., 2019. Production performance, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows fed corn silage or sorghum silage-based diets with without xylanase supplementation. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(3), pp. 2266-2274. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15801

Zanon, T., Fichter, G., Mittermair, P., Nocker, L. and Gauly, M., 2023. Quantifying methane emissions under field conditions under 2 different dairy production scenarios: Low-input versus high-input milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 106, pp. 4711-4724. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22804




URN: http://www.revista.ccba.uady.mx/urn:ISSN:1870-0462-tsaes.v28i1.57464

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5746



Copyright (c) 2025 Melchor ROSAS DÁVILA, Ernesto MORALES ALMARÁZ, Felipe LÓPEZ GONZÁLEZ, Carlos Manuel ARRIAGA JORDÁN

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.