SUSTAINABLE ELECTROREMEDIATION: AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR THE REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS

José Guadalupe Chan Quijano, Rogelio Bravo-Honorato, Erika M. López-García

Abstract


Background: Electroremediation is an in-situ technology for the remediation of low-permeability soils contaminated with heavy metals or polar organic compounds. Regarding its application, only its biotechnological processes are considered. However, it is important to consider sustainable aspects within the technologies in order to influence socio-environmental and socio-economic issues of the affected areas. In addition, a histogram must be applied to visualize some pattern of soil behavior. Objective: To determine sustainable electroremediation as a viable tool for the recovery of contaminated soils, in addition to applying multi-criteria decision-making for an evaluation of the sustainability of contaminated areas using sustainable electroremediation, through diagnostic criteria, and sustainability indicators; whose qualitative or quantitative value allows comparing results oriented at the same time on policies, strategies, actions and decision-making in the area. Methodology: A bibliographic review (1960-2023) was carried out with a focus on remediation and electroremediation of contaminated environments with a sustainability perspective. Using the PRISMA method, the information was systematized, and, with it, a scientific analysis and critique of the information was developed to make an innovative contribution to the use of sustainable electroremediation through tools and indicators of sustainability of contaminated soils. Results: A first approach is shown to the compilation of the concept and scope of sustainable electroremediation to remediate and recover areas affected by contamination, seeking social, governmental and business participation for better decision-making in the sanitation of the socio-ecosystem. In addition, a multi-criteria decision analysis is provided to develop sustainable electroremediation projects that consider the social-anthropological, ecological-biological and economic-administrative aspects for a better remediation process of contaminated soils. Implications: The determination of soil indicators is described as a decision-making tool for the evaluation of the sustainability of contaminated areas using the electroremediation technique, but it is expected that the projects achieve a legitimate interest in the environment and its recovery. Conclusions: through criteria in decision-making and sustainability indicators, they provide an opportunity to apply sustainable electroremediation as an innovative technique, whose qualitative or quantitative value allows comparing the results and, at the same time, guiding policies, strategies and actions in decision-making in the contaminated area.

Keywords


multicriteria decisions; contaminants; remediation; soils; sustainability.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Arnés, E. and Astier, M., 2018. Sostenibilidad en sistemas de manejo de recursos naturales en países andinos. Ecuador: Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Astier, M., García-Barrios, L., Galván-Miyoshi, Y., González-Esquivel, C.E. and Masera, O.R., 2012. Assessing the sustainability of small farmer natural resource management systems. A critical analysis of the MESMIS program (1995-2010). Ecology and Society, 17(3), pp. 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04910-170325

Astier-Calderón, M., Maass-Moreno, M. and Etchevers-Barra, J., 2002. Derivación de indicadores de calidad de suelos en el contexto de la agricultura sustentable. Agrociencia, 36(5), pp. 605-620. https://agrociencia-colpos.org/index.php/agrociencia/article/view/214

Balland-Bolou-Bi, C., Brondeau, F., and Jusselme MD., 2023. Perspective chapter: can natural attenuation be considered as an effective solution for soil remediation? In: A. Mustafa and M. Naveed, eds. Soil contamination, recent advances and future perspectives. Londo, United Kingdom: IntechOpen. pp. 171-196. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108304

Boff, L., 2013. La sostenibilidad. Qué es y qué no es. España: Editorial Sal Terrae.

Burbano-Orjuela, H., 2016. El suelo y su relación con los servicios ecosistémicos y la seguridad alimentaria. Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas, 33(2), pp. 117-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.163302.58

Castillo-González, W. and Dorta-Contreras, A.J., 2017. Crítica científica. Una propuesta metodológica. Educación Médica, 18(4), 285-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.edumed.2016.10.001

Castro-Salazar, J.I. and Camacho-García, M.O., 2021. Ideologías ambientales en el manejo y conservación de la naturaleza: un análisis del proceso parlamentario y la implementación de la legislación federal mexicana. Ciudad de México: Tirant Lo Blanch.

Ceccon, E., Barrera-Cataño, J.I., Aronson, J. and Martínez-Garza, C., 2015. The socioecological complexity of ecological restoration in Mexico. Restoration Ecology, 23(4), pp. 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12228

Cereijido, M., 2009. La ciencia como calamidad: un ensayo sobre el analfabetismo científico y sus efectos. Barcelona, España: Editorial Gedisa.

Chang, W., 2017. Biodegradation and bioremediation. New York, USA: Syrawood Publishing House.

Chan-Quijano, J.G., Cach-Pérez, M.J. and López-Jiménez, L.N., 2023a. Retos a futuro en el manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales. In: J.G. Chan-Quijano and M.J. Cach-Pérez, coords. Manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales: experiencias y retos a futuro. Jalisco, México: Editorial Folia, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara. pp. 315-354.

Chan-Quijano, J.G., Caamaño-Urgell, P.C., Vázquez-Asencio, M., Gutiérrez-Torres, H. and Winzig-Gómez, T.I., 2023b. Sostenibilidad y políticas públicas ante la problemática socioambiental de los derrames de petróleo: caso de estudio en huertos familiares. In: J.G. Chan-Quijano and M.J. Cach-Pérez, coords. Manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales: experiencias y retos a futuro. Jalisco, México: Editorial Folia, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara. pp., 269-313.

Chan-Quijano, J.G., Cach-Pérez, J.M. and Rodríguez-Robles, U., 2020. Phytoremediation of soils contaminated by hydrocarbon. In: B.R. Shmaefsky, ed. Phytoremediation, concepts, and strategies in plant sciences. Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 83-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00099-8_3

Chan-Quijano, J.G., Jarquín-Sánchez, A., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Martínez-Zurimendi, P., López-Jiménez, L.N. and Lázaro-Vázquez, A., 2015. Directrices para la remediación de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos. Teoría y Praxis, 17, pp. 123-144. https://doi.org/10.22403/UQROOMX/TYP17/05

Chan-Quijano, J.G., Torres-López K.L., Martínez-Rabelo, F. and González-Conzuelo, M.B., 2020. Soil contamination by petroleum in Tabasco, Mexico, and its environmental repercussions. Gaia Scientia, 14(3), pp. 75-91. https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1981-1268.2020v14n3.54490v

Chan-Quijano, J.G., Torres-López, K.L. and Rodríguez-Cabrera R., 2024. Territorial governance and social participation for the remediation of contaminated soils. In: K.R. Hakeem, ed. Perspectives and insights on soil contamination and effective remediation techniques. London, United Kingdom: IntechOpen. pp. 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1005663

Chan-Quijano, J.G., Torres-López, K.L., Barrón-García, S.A., Zavaleta-Bastar, R. and Payró-Ramos, Y.G., 2021. Percepción en la salud ambiental y social por la contaminación atmosférica por la quema de gas en Paraíso, Tabasco, México. In: Eidec, ed. Investigación científica multidisciplinaria. Colombia: Editorial Eidec. pp. 12-82. https://doi.org/10.34893/s5hp-z550

CNDH., 2016. El derecho humano al medio ambiente sano para el desarrollo y bienestar. Ciudad de México: Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos.

de la Rosa-Pérez, D.A., Teutli-León, M.M.M. and Ramírez-Islas, M.E., 2007. Electrorremediación de suelos contaminados, una revisión técnica para su aplicación en campo. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 23(3), pp. 129-138. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-49992007000300003

Dexter, A.R., 2004. Soil physical quality. Part I. Theory, effects of soil texture, density, and organic matter, and effects on root growth. Geoderma, 120(3-4), pp. 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.09.004

DOF., 2023. Ley general del equilibrio ecológico y la protección al ambiente. Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Diario Oficial de la Federación, Última Reforma DOF 08-05-2023.

Domecq-Gómez, Y., Freire-Soler, J., Querts-Mendez, O. and Columbié-Reyes, J.L., 2020. Consideraciones actuales sobre la iatrogenia. MEDISAN, 24(5), pp. 906-924. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=368464850012

Esmail, B.A. and Geneletti, D., 2018. Multi-criteria decision analysis for nature conservation: a review of 20 years of applications. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9, pp. 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12899

Esteves, A.M., Franks, D. and Vanclay, F., 2012. Social impact assessment: the state of the art. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 30(1), pp. 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2012.660356

Esteves, A.M., Franks, D. and Vanclay, F., 2012. Social impact assessment: the state of the art. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 30(1), pp. 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2012.660356

Etchevers-Barra, J.D., Hidalgo, C., Pajares, S., Gallardo, J.F., Vergara, M.A., Bautista, M.A. and Padilla, J., 2009. Calidad o salud del suelo: conceptos, indicadores y aplicación en agricultura. In: J. López-Blanco and M.L. Rodríguez-Gamiño, coords. Desarrollo de indicadores ambientales y de sustentabilidad en México. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 107-121.

FAO and UNEP., 2021. Global assessment of soil pollution - Summary for policy makers. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4827en

Galán, C., Balvanera, P. and Castellarini, F., 2013. Políticas públicas hacia la sustentabilidad: integrando la visión ecosistémica. México: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Usos de la Biodiversidad.

García, Y., Ramírez, W. and Sánchez, S., 2012. Indicadores de la calidad de los suelos: una nueva manera de evaluar este recurso. Pastos y Forrajes, 35(2), pp. 125-138. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03942012000200001

Geneletti, D. and Ferretti, V., 2015. Multicriteria analysis for sustainability assessment: concepts and case studies. In: A. Morrison-Saunders, J. Pope and A. Bond, eds. Handbook of sustainability assessment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp., 235-264. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783471379.00019

Giraldo, O.F. and Toro, I. (2020). Afectividad ambiental: sensibilidad, empatía, estéticas del habitar. México: El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Universidad Veracruzana.

Gomes, H., Dias-Ferreira, C., Ottosen, L.M. and Ribeiro, A.B., 2015. Electroremediation of PCB contaminated soil combined with iron nanoparticles: effect of the soil type. Chemosphere, 131, pp. 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.007

Grifoni, M., Franchi, E., Fusini, D., Vocciante, M., Barbafieri, M., Pedron, F., Rosellini, I. and Petruzzelli, G., 2022. Soil remediation: towards a resilient and adaptive approach to deal with the ever-changing environmental challenges. Environments, 9(2), pp. 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9020018

Hou, H., Zeinu, K.M., Gao, S., Liu, B., Yang, J. and Hu, J., 2018. Recent advances and perspective on design and synthesis of electrode materials for electrochemical sensing oh heavy metals. Energy & Environmental Materials, 1, pp. 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12011

IMP., 2010. Dirección de seguridad y medio ambiente. México: Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo.

Irwin, E.G., Culligan, P.J., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Law, K.L., Murtugudde, R. and Pfirman, S., 2018. Bridging barriers to advance global sustainability. Nature Sustainability, 1, pp. 324-326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0085-1

Isaac-Godínez, C.L., Gómez-Báez, J. and Díaz-Aguirre, S., 2017. La integración de herramientas de gestión ambiental como práctica sostenible en las organizaciones. Universidad y Sociedad, 9(4), pp. 27-36. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2218-36202017000400004

Khan, M., Biswas, B., Smith, E., Naidu, R. and Megharaj, M., 2018. Toxicity assessment of fresh and weathered petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil- a review. Chemosphere, 212, pp. 755-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.094

Khanna, A.A., 2017. Revisiting the oil curse: does ownership matter? World Development, 20, pp. 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.026

Lajous, A., 2014. La industria petrolera mexicana: estrategias, gobierno y reformas. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Lemmer, K.C., Dohnalkova, A.C., Noguera, D.R. and Donohue, T.J., 2015. Oxygen-dependent regulation of bacterial lipid production. Journal of Bacteriology, 197(9), pp. 1649-1658. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.02510-14

Linkov, I. and Moberg, E., 2012. Multi-criteria decision analysis: environmental applications and case studies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11471

Linkov, I., Moberg, E., Trump, B.D., Yatsalo, B. and Keisler, J.M., 2020. Multi-criteria decision analysis: case studies in engineering and the environment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429326448

Linkov, I., Satterstrom, F.K., Kiker, G., Batchelor, C., Bridges, T. and Ferguson, E., 2006. From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management: recent developments and applications. Environment International, 32(8), pp. 1072-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.013

Luo, J., Cai, L., Qi, S., Wu, J. and Gu, X.S., 2017. A multi-technique phytoremediation approach to purify metals contaminated soil e-waste recycling site. Journal of Environmental Management, 204, pp. 17-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.029

Martínez-Alier, J. and Roca-Jusmet, J., 2013. Economía ecológica y política ambiental. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Masera, O., Astier, M. and López-Ridaura, S., 2000. Sustentabilidad y manejo de recursos naturales: el marco de evaluación MESMIS. México: Grupo Interdisciplinario de Tecnología Rural Apropiada, Mundi-Prensa México.

Meli, P., Ceccon, E., Mastrangelo, M. and Calle-Díaz, Z., 2022. Ecosystem restoration and human well-being in Latin America. Ecosystems and People, 18(1), pp. 609-615. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2022.2137849

Méndez, E., Pérez, M., Romero, O., Beltrán, E.D., Castro, S., Corona, J.L., Corona, A., Cuevas, M.C. and Bustos, E., 2012. Effects of electrode material on the efficiency of hydrocarbon removal by an electrokinetic remediation process. Electrochimica Acta, 86, pp. 148-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.042

Mendoza-López, M.R., García-Barradas, O., Muñoz-Muñiz, O.D. and Cruz-Sánchez, J.S., 2013. Métodos analísticos para la determinación de contaminantes orgánicos en suelo. In: A. Alarcón and R. Ferrera-Cerrato, eds. Biorremediación de suelos y aguas contaminadas con compuestos orgánicos e inorgánicos. México: Editorial Trillas. pp., 257-277.

Nature., 2022. Cash and action are needed to avert a biodiversity crisis. Nature 605, pp. 587. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01430-7

Navarrete-Segueda, A., Vela-Correa, G., López-Blanco, J. and Rodríguez-Gamiño, M.L. (2011). Naturaleza y utilidad de los indicadores de calidad del suelo. ContactoS, 80, pp. 29-37. https://studylib.es/doc/5371026/naturaleza-y-utilidad-de-los-indicadores-de-calidad-del-s...

ONU. 1987. Informe de la comisión mundial para el desarrollo y el medio ambiente. Nuestro futuro común (A/42/427). Noruega: Organización de las Naciones Unidas.

ONU., 2000. Declaración del milenio (A/RES/55/2). Noruega: Organización de las Naciones Unidas.

ONU., 2015a. Transformar nuestro mundo: la agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible (A/RES/70/1). California, Estados Unidos de América: Organización de las Naciones Unidas.

ONU., 2015b. Proyecto de documento final de la cumbre de las Naciones Unidas para la aprobación de la agenda para el desarrollo después de 2015 (A/69/L.85). Noruega: Organización de las Naciones Unidas.

Osorio-de-la-Rosa, E., Vázquez-Castillo, J., Carmona-Campos, M., Barbosa-Pool, G.R., Becerra-Nuñez, G., Castillo-Atoche, A. and Ortegón-Aguilar, J., 2019. Plant microbial fuel cells–based energy harvester system for self-powered IoT applications. Sensors, 19(6), pp. 1378. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061378

Oyama, K. and Castillo, A., 2006. Ciencia para el manejo sustentable de los ecosistemas (uso, conservación y restauración): introducción. In: K. Oyama and A. Castillo, coords. Manejo, conservación y restauración de recursos naturales en México. México: Siglo XXI Editores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 9-25.

Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., Brennan, S.E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J.M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M.M., Li, T., Loder, E.W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L.A., Stewart, L.A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A.C., Welch, V.A., Whiting, P. and Moher, D., 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10, pp. 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4

Page, M.M. and Page, C.L. (2002). Electroremediation of contaminated soils. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 128(3), pp. 208-219. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:3(208)

Perevochtchikova, M., 2013. La evaluación del impacto ambiental y la importancia de los indicadores ambientales. Gestión y Política Pública, 22(2), pp. 283-312. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-10792013000200001

Perevochtchikova, M. and Rojo-Negrete, I.A. (2013). Development of an indicator scheme for the environment impact assessment in the Federal District, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, pp. 226-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.43027

Pinedo, J., Ibáñez, R., Lijzen, J.P.A. and Irabien, A., 2014. Human risk assessment of contaminated soils by oil products: total TPH content versus fraction approach. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 20(5), pp. 1231-1248. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2013.831264

Prescott-Allen, R. 1997. Barómetro de la sostenibilidad: medición y comunicación del bienestar y el desarrollo sostenible. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Unión lnternacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza.

Reyes-Ruiz, J., 2006. La participación social en la investigación de problemas ambientales. In: K. Oyama and A. Castillo, coords. Manejo, conservación y restauración de recursos naturales en México. México: Siglo XXI Editores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 43-63.

Rodríguez-Eugenio, N., McLaughlin, M. and Pennock, D., 2018. Soil pollution: a hidden reality. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/i9183en/I9183EN.pdf

Rodríguez-Jiménez, J.J. (2008). La contaminación de los suelos: la herencia que no cesa. In: J.J. Rodríguez-Jiménez, ed. Hacia un uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. Sevilla, España: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía. pp. 93-99.

Ruvalcaba-Sil, J.L., 2013. Métodos analíticos para la determinación de metales pesados. In: A. Alarcón and R. Ferrera-Cerrato, eds. Biorremediación de suelos y aguas contaminadas con compuestos orgánicos e inorgánicos. México: Editorial Trillas. pp. 279-304.

Seefoó-Luján, J.L., 2005. La calidad es nuestra, la intoxicación… ¡de usted! Michoacán, México: El Colegio de Michoacán.

SEMARNAT., 2012. La evaluación del impacto ambiental. México: Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Nacional de Ecología.

Sikkema, J., de Bont, J.A.M. and Poolman, B. 1995. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiological Reviews, 59(2), pp. 201-222. https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.59.2.201-222.1995

Sikkema, J., Poolman, B., Konings, W.N. and de Bont, B. 1992. Effects of the membrane action of tetralin on the functional and structural properties of artificial and bacterial membranes. Journal of Bacteriology, 174(9), pp., 2986-2992. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.174.9.2986-2992.1992

Tollefson, J., 2022. How science could aid the US quest for environmental justice. Nature News, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01504-6

Trejo-Barrientos, L., 2019. Identidades, crisis ambiental y hambruna en los Chimalapas. In: C.V. Masferrer-León and L. Trejo-Barrientos, coords. Diversidades en crisis: transformaciones socioambientales en regiones indígenas y afromexicanas de Oaxaca. Ciudad de México: Secretaría de Cultura, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 25-66.

Tripathi, V., Edrisi, S.A. and Abhilash, P.C., 2016. Towards the coupling of phytoremediation with bioenergy production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, pp. 1386-1389. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.116

Tripathi, V., Fraceto, L.F. and Abhilash, P.C., 2015. Sustainable clean-up technologies for soils contaminated with multiple pollutants: plant-microbe-pollutant and climate nexus. Ecological Engineering, 82, pp. 330-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.05.027

Tsakalerou, M., Efthymiadis D. and Abilez A., 2022. An intelligent methodology for the use of multi-criteria decision analysis in impact assessment: the case of real-world offshore construction. Scientific Reports, 12, pp. 15137. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19554-1

Valdez-Hernández, M., Acquaroli, L.N., Vázquez-Castillo, J., González-Pérez, O., Heredia-Lozano, J.C., Castillo-Atoche, A., Sosa-Vargas, L. and Osorio-de-la-Rosa, E., 2022. Plant/soil-microbial fuel cell operation effects in the biological activity of bioelectrochemical systems. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 44(2), pp., 2715-2729. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2022.2059597

Vocciante, M., Doví, V.G. and Ferro, S., 2021. Sustainability in electrokinetic remediation processes: a critical analysis. Sustainability, 13, pp. 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020770

Wagner, A.M., Larson, D.L., DalSoglio, J.A., Harris, J.A., Labus, P., Rosi-Marshall, E.J. and Skrabis, K.E., 2015. A framework for establishing restoration goals for contaminated ecosystems. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 12(2), pp., 264-272. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1709

Yazdani, M. and Asadollahfardi, G., 2020. Analysis of the effective factors on the electro remediation of polluted soils, an action towards green technology and sustainable environmental improvement. Quarterly Journal of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 8(4), pp. 145-156. https://doi.org/10.30473/ee.2020.6926

Zarta-Ávila, P., 2018. La sustentabilidad o sostenibilidad: un concepto poderoso para la humanidad. Tabula Rasa, (28), pp. 409-423. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n28.18




URN: http://www.revista.ccba.uady.mx/urn:ISSN:1870-0462-tsaes.v27i3.55407

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5540

Bookmark and Share


Copyright (c) 2024 José Guadalupe Chan Quijano

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.