ISSN: 1870-0462 ISSN-L: 1870-0462
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Copyright (c) 2025 . . http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic resources of Musaceae in Colombia, a review of their use and conservation
Introduction. Edible Musaceae are a group of crops of economic importance, with Colombia being the tenth-largest producer in the world. In this sense, Colombia has the Colombian Germplasm Collection of Musaceae, which contains 192 accessions. Objective. To raise awareness about the importance of conserving and utilising the genetic resources of Musaceae as a strategy to prevent genetic erosion, particularly in the face of current and emerging phytosanitary constraints in Colombia. Methodology. The study was developed through a search for relevant information on the conservation and use of the genetic resources of Musaceae in Colombia. The search was carried out in SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), Dialnet, Web of Science, Springer Link, Scopus, Google Scholar and the BAC (Agricultural Library of Colombia). Main findings. A historical review was conducted of the use made of the germplasm of Musaceae in the country, as well as the current state of the collection, inventories, and access to the genetic resource, with an emphasis on research studies. In addition, the agronomic practices carried out within the germplasm collection were related as a strategy for conservation. Implications: This study documents the use of conserved genetic resources and how they can be exploited to guide breeding work related to Musaceae. On the other hand, it outlines the primary practices to consider when conserving Musaceae germplasm ex situ under field conditions. Conclusions. By knowing the traceability of the conservation and use of existing genetic resources for Musaceae in Colombia, it is possible to promote the implementation of genetic improvement projects in these species. The use of molecular techniques is recommended to identify genes of resistance and/or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses that may compromise the phytosanitary status of this germplasm collection, which is of economic importance for Colombian agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Germán Andrés Aguilera-Arango, Ayda Lilia Enriquez-Valencia, Eberto Rodríguez-Henao, Jorge Alberto Valencia-Montoya, Leidy Patricia Tibaduiza-Castañeda, Dubert Yamil Cañar-Serna http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genes and mutations in morphological characteristics, productive and reproductive behavior, and carcass and meat quality in pig breeds - advances in genetic improvement
Background. The pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) is one of the most important livestock species due to its high productive efficiency, rapid growth rate, high prolificacy, and favourable feed conversion. Its ability to convert inputs into high biological value protein positions it as a key component in food security. Traits such as morphology, productive and reproductive performance, as well as carcass and meat quality, are influenced by gene expression and the presence of specific polymorphisms or mutations. Objective. To review and analyse the available scientific evidence on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes associated with morphological traits, productive and reproductive performance, as well as carcass and meat quality in pig breeds. Methodology. The study was conducted through a literature search using keywords and genes associated with commercially relevant productive traits in pig breeds. The search was carried out in PubMed, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Google Scholar. A total of 116 articles were retrieved for data analysis, covering the period from 2000 to 2024. Main findings. Genomic tools have enabled the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that influence productive traits in pigs. In this review, the genes TRIB3, BMP2, CSTB, COL21A1, and MSTN were found to be related to productive traits, while among reproductive traits, the genes BMPR1B, ESR2, LEPR, PRL, and GNRHR stand out, and the genes TRIB3, BMP2, COL21A1, MSTN, CTSF, and CSTB are related to growth, backfat, daily weight gain, and meat quality. Likewise, the studies report two SNPs, rs320706814 and rs1112937671, which show significant effects on carcass length and backfat. Implications. These findings contribute to the optimisation of genetic selection programmes, improvement of productive efficiency, and preservation of genetic variability in pig populations. An in-depth exploration of gene networks is essential for enhancing the understanding of these traits. Conclusion. This review identifies key SNPs and genes that may contribute to the genetic selection of pigs exhibiting traits associated with improved productive efficiency. The use of molecular markers enables the more accurate selection of desirable traits, thereby reducing the generation interval and promoting sustainability in pig production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dany Alejandro Dzib cauich http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Current state of research on the climate change-livestock relationship; a bibliometric review
Background. Bibliometric analysis is an essential tool for defining the frontiers of knowledge in climate change research and its relationship with different economic sectors, especially beef cattle farming due to its greenhouse gas emissions, as livestock farming is currently considered the primary activity that contributes most to greenhouse gas emissions. Objective. To define the current state and trends in research on the relationship between climate change and livestock farming. Methodology. Metadata obtained from the Scopus repository (830) articles for the period between 1994 and 2024 were analyzed using the search equation “(TITLE-ABS-KEY (”carbon capture“) ORTITLE-ABS-KEY (”carbon sequestration") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“carbon sinks”) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“carbon fixation”) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (“cattle production”) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“livestock sector”) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (livestock) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (“animal production”)) AND (LIMIT TO (DOCTYPE,“ar”)) AND (EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA,“CHEM”)). using VOSviewer and R-studio software, and the thematic groups were then characterized. Main findings. Scientific interest focuses on the analysis of climate change and agriculture, agricultural and livestock practices, and GHG emissions, as well as on reducing emissions and carbon capture from livestock systems. Implications. Scientific interest has shifted from focusing on the negative aspects of primary activities and the presence of carbon on the planet to examining it as a climate change mitigation strategy. Conclusions. Research into the relationship between climate change and livestock farming has evolved towards the search for solutions within the activity itself, recognizing the potential of sustainable livestock systems as elements of change in the face of the climate emergency, requiring further research to enable the implementation of possible strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 SAULO ACEVEDO CRUZ, Juan Antonio Leos Rodríguez, Victoria Pacheco Almaraz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sweet sorghum and the future of first-generation bioethanol in Mexico: A review
Background. The oil crisis of the 1970s spurred the global search for alternative fuels, and in Mexico, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has emerged as a promising feedstock for first-generation bioethanol due to its adaptability to diverse agroecological regions. Objective. To conduct a descriptive study on the technological advances, limitations, and challenges in the production of first-generation ethanol from sweet sorghum juice in Mexico. Methodology. A bibliometric analysis was performed using Semantic Scholar, retrieving 84 publications. Of these 20 were directly relevant, complemented by 109 additional references from Scopus, Latindex, and Google Scholar, resulting in a total of 129 analyzed references. Results. Research activity peaked between 2010 and 2020, with English-language publications dominating (68.6%). The main thematic trends included sweet sorghum juice applications for bioethanol (22%), syrup, and lactic acid (7.1%). Other trends differences between grain and juice based feedstocks, agronomic practices, genetic resources, fermentation processes, and regulatory and economic aspects. Implications. The lack of an integrative framework linking agricultural production with industrial processing limits economic feasibility assessments, regional planning, and policy development in Mexico. Conclusion. Industrial bioethanol production from sweet sorghum in Mexico remains in an early stage. This this study represents one of the first comprehensive analyses combining bibliometric, technological, and industrial perspectives, highlighting critical research gaps and future priorities for sustainable bioethanol development.
Copyright (c) 2025 MA EUGENIA Cisneros Lopez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pine resin: A non-timber forest product with history in Mexico
Background. Pine resin is a non-timber forest product of great importance due to its versatility, which allows obtaining derivatives with extensive applicability and high added value as it is a natural and renewable raw material with diverse uses, which holds promise for the future as a substitute. of oil. Objective. To provide technical and scientific evidence on resin production, species used, potential states for exploitation, and ecological and dendrometric characteristics associated with resin production in Mexico. Methodology. Documentary research was used from an exhaustive review of literature on the subject of pine resin using as keywords, resin, resin canals, resin extraction methods and resin production; the information search was carried out on platforms such as Science Direct, Scielo, Scopus, Redalyc and Google Scholar. Main findings. Worldwide, Mexico ranks sixth in pine resin production with 20,000 t/year; in the country, only Michoacán contributes with 90 % of resin production followed by Jalisco, Oaxaca and the Estado de Mexico with the remaining 10 %. The most important resin species in Mexico are: Pinus oocarpa, P. devoniana, P. pringlei, P. montezumae, P. leiophylla, P. teocote, P. douglasiana, P. lawsonii, P. pseudostrobus and P. herrerae. Implications. The resin activity, despite being of social importance by providing additional income, has suffered lag in the production process (harvest, transformation and marketing), scarce research and dissemination, and continued abandonment by producers. Conclusions. The resin use is a non-invasive activity in trees, this means that other environmental services remain intact; furthermore, Mexico is a country with a great diversity of resin species and has large forest areas that are ideal for this productive activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salvador Lozano Trejo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainability of coffee farms in beneficiaries of the Bagua-Rodriguez de Mendoza Coffee Project in the town of La Palma, Copallin, Amazonas, Peru
Background. Coffee production is an important source of income for millions of farmers in all parts of the world. Objective. To evaluate the sustainability of the coffee farms of the beneficiaries of the Bagua-Rodriguez de Mendoza Coffee Project in La Palma, Copallin district. Methodology. The multi-criteria methodology was used, in which economic, environmental and social indicators were analyzed, with quantifiable sub-indicators adapted to coffee cultivation, assigning values from 0 to 4 and weightings based on their relative importance and a farm was considered sustainable if the general sustainability index was higher than two, the information was collected through the questionnaire. Results. The results showed that 72.7% of the farms were economically sustainable (ISK > 2), highlighting the quality of coffee and the diversity of marketed products (coffee, cocoa and banana). In terms of environmental sustainability, only 39.4% of the farms reached adequate levels (ESI > 2), showing deficiencies in conservation areas and in soil and vegetative cover management practices. In social sustainability, 87.9% of the farms were socially sustainable (ISS > 2), reflecting good access to education, health and basic services, as well as significant ecological awareness without the use of agrochemicals. Implications. Knowing the sustainability index of coffee farms contributes to the need to implement agricultural strategies that reinforce environmental sustainability and improve the general conditions of coffee production systems in the region. Conclusion. 78.8% of the farms meet the general sustainability criteria (ISGen > 2), the economic and social dimensions showed good results, while the environmental dimension requires significant improvements, especially in soil conservation and vegetation cover management. (actualizer)
Copyright (c) 2025 Carlos Raúl Poémape Oyanguren, Jean Peter Eduardo De Rutte Gonzalez, William Chavez Espinoza, Adilson Suarez Terrones, Ymi Estibes Valqui Guerrero, Jose Manuel Pisco Tello http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stover as a core element of forage resilience: Synthetic indices and livestock productivity in Frailesca, Chiapas, Mexico
Background. Corn stover functions as a temporary agroecosystem in the Frailesca region of Chiapas and represents a strategic resource to sustain livestock during prolonged dry periods. Objective. To characterize the forage resilience of the stover-based temporary agroecosystem in Frailesca, Chiapas, through the construction and application of synthetic indices, and to analyze its relationship with livestock productivity in order to identify the factors that determine its functional stability and guide its sustainable management. Methodology. Sixty agricultural, livestock, and mixed production units were evaluated in the municipalities of Villaflores, Villa Corzo, and La Concordia through semi-structured interviews and production records that integrated 84 variables from both the crop and livestock subsystems. Three synthetic indices were constructed: the Forage Resilience Index (FRI), which expresses the effective availability of biomass; the Adjusted Forage Resilience Index (FRIadj), which incorporates off-farm access and stocking rate; and the Seasonal Resilience Index (SRI), which reflects the temporal orientation of the resource. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and generalized linear regression models (GLM Gamma-log). Results. Bale storage and access to external stover areas were the main determinants of resilience, whereas animal density and days of stover availability during the dry season were not significant. Increases in FRIadj were associated with higher meat and milk yields, which confirms this index as an operational indicator of resilience. Implications. Livestock resilience in the Frailesca region depends less on the total amount of stover and more on its management through storage and territorial exchange networks. The FRIadj provides a practical tool for evaluating forage stability and anticipating meat and milk productivity, offering theoretical, methodological, and applied bases to strengthen the sustainability of tropical agroecosystems. Conclusions. Forage resilience in the Frailesca region relies primarily on bale storage and access to external stover sources, rather than on traditional variables such as animal density or gross availability. These results highlight that livestock stability during the dry season depends on active resource management and on the territorial organization of producers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manuel Alejandro La O-Arias, Francisco Guevara-Hernandez, Ernesto Javier Gómez-Padilla, José Roberto Aguilar-Jiménez, René Pinto-Ruiz, Ingrid Abril Valdivieso_Pérez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mites associated with mango and cashew in the pacific region of the central provinces of Panama
Background. In the Pacific region of the central provinces of Panama, cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees in residential and commercial patios are used to obtain fruits that complement the Panamanian population diet. However, mites and the damage associated with them are poorly known in this country. The importance of knowing the mites associated with these fruit trees lies in understanding the interactions of the functional groups of mites present, especially phytophagous and predatory mites, which can significantly impact the development of these fruit trees. Objective. To identify mites associated with mango and cashew in the Pacific region of the central provinces of Panama. Methodology. Sampling was made in the provinces of Coclé, Herrera, Los Santos, and Veraguas. Three locations per province were sampled, for a total of 12 locations per fruit tree, between June 2022 and December 2023. Leaf litter near the base of the stem, foliage of the middle part and crown of the trees were collected. The specimens of mites associated with fruit trees, province, date, stratum within the plant, feeding habit, and morphospecies identification were recorded. Results. A total of 1807 mite specimens were captured, of which 55 % (999 specimens) were in mango and 45 % (808 specimens) in cashew. Morphospecies of mites were identified within the strata of mango and cashew plants. Among the phytophagous species distinguished Brevipalpus yothersi Baker, Oligonychus sp., Cisaberoptus kenyae Keifer, and Tetranychus urticae Koch. Implications. This research involves the importance of knowing the diversity of mites within various strata of plants. Conclusions. In the region of the central provinces of Panama, the presence of a diversity of species of phytophagous, predatory, fungivorous, and detritivorous mites was determined within the agroecosystem offered by the strata of mango and cashew trees.
Copyright (c) 2025 Randy Atencio Valdespino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioferments in the morphological and quality of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings in the nursery
Background. The morphological quality of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings in the nursery is essential for the success of commercial plantations. Bioferments represent a sustainable alternative to improve the morphology and quality of seedlings. Objective. To evaluate the effect of bioferments on the morphology and quality of cocoa seedlings in the nursery. Methodology. Four treatments were used with different combinations of substrates and solid and liquid bioferments. A completely randomized design with four repetitions was used, measuring morphological and quality variables. Results. The traditional substrate treatment with the addition of solid and liquid bioferments (ST+BS+BL) showed the highest values in height, stem diameter, dry biomass and Dickson quality, surpassing the traditional substrate by 51%. Implications. Bioferments improve the availability of nutrients and the structure of the substrate, favoring the development of vigorous and better quality seedlings. Conclusions. The combination of solid and liquid bioferments represents an agroecological strategy to optimize the morphological attributes and quality of cocoa seedlings in the nursery.
Copyright (c) 2025 PERCY DIAZ CHUQUIZUTA, Henry Diaz-Chuquizuta, Yuri Gandhi Arevalo-Aranda, Juan Pablo Cuevas-Giménez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biomass yield and chemical composition of Morus alba L. at different harvest intervals and cutting heights in southern Mexico
Background: The use of Morus alba L. forage can improve the productive parameters of ruminants in periods of forage scarcity, due to its high biomass yield and crude protein content, which surpass those of tropical grasses that typically contain high fiber concentrations compared to this tree species. Objective: To evaluate the effect of three harvest intervals (30, 60 and 90 days) and three cutting heights (50, 75 and 100 cm) on the biomass yield and chemical composition of M. alba. Methodology: The yields of leaves, tender stems, mature stems, edible material, and total biomass were evaluated. Additionally, the contents of organic matter (OM), ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and crude protein (CP) in leaves and tender stems of M. alba were analyzed at different harvest intervals and cutting heights during the rainy and dry seasons. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance for a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial structure. Results: The harvest interval significantly affected the evaluated yield variables. Biomass yield was higher when harvested every 90 days compared to 30- and 60-day intervals. Regarding the chemical composition of leaves and tender stems, it was observed that the harvest interval affected it the most. The interaction between both factors influenced the contents of organic matter (OM), ash, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the leaves, with high contents observed at 90-day intervals and a cutting height of 75 cm. Implications. These findings are important for the management and optimal use of this forage species in animal feed and can contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable livestock systems. Conclusion: The yield and chemical composition of M. alba are more affected by the harvest interval than by height and interaction. Therefore, it is essential to consider this factor in its management to develop more efficient and sustainable livestock systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 José Rodríguez-Tuz, José Escobedo-Mex, Kati Medina-Dzul, Angel Piñeiro-Vázquez, Fernando Casanova-Lugo, Militza Escobedo-Cruz, Armando Escobedo-Cabrera http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation between the physical and chemical properties of an oxysol and the apparent electrical conductivity
Background: Geophysical methods such as the determination of apparent electrical conductivity (Cea) with portable equipment such as the EM38-MK2 electromagnetometer, allow pedometric studies and soil segmentation to be carried out. Despite the potential of this technology, there is a lack of research in the Oxisols of the Colombian plateau that correlates it with routinely determined physical and chemical properties, which are of interest at various fields of knowledge. Objective: To correlate the apparent electrical conductivity of the soil measured with the EM38-MK2 electromagnetometer with the physical and chemical properties of an Oxisol from the Colombian plateau. Methodology: The research was conducted in three 9,000 m2 plots in which apparent electrical conductivity was measured and correlated with physical and chemical properties at a depth of 0–20 centimeters. Results: The Cea presented a high and significant correlation with the content of sand, silt, clay, organic carbon, manganese, field capacity and permanent wilting point, and a high index of spatial dependence. Implications: The research is the starting point for building predictive models of the Cea with soil variables for the region. Conclusion: The Cea determined with the EM38-MK2 had the sensitivity to be used at plot scale in soils with a high degree of evolution. Under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the study area, the information collected with this equipment can be correlated with variables of interest for the sustainable use and management of soils.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sareth Samantha Ulloa Galeano, Jhon Alexander Carrillo Rozo, Sergio David Parra González http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Subsistence hunting, bush meat consumption, and community regulations in voluntarily designated conservation areas in the Calakmul region, Campeche, Mexico
Background: In 1989, the Mexican government established the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, and in 2017, ten voluntarily designated conservation areas (ADVCs) were certified, encompassing the territory of ten ejidos. By 2022, the region was characterized by a high incidence of conservation policies; strong governmental and community efforts to fulfill the objectives of the "Sembrando Vida" program; and a return to normalcy following the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To understand the patterns of wildlife use in ten ADVCs in the Calakmul region, including the species used and the types of use, utilization practices, bushmeat consumption, and community rules. Methodology: Between March and May 2022, a total of 156 interviews were conducted, representing 18% of the existing household heads, along with 10 community workshops. Results: A total of 31 terrestrial wild vertebrate species were recorded as being used in some way. Of these, 74.2% were used for food purposes; 6.5% had medicinal uses; 13% were kept as pets; and 48% were hunted to prevent damage to crops, domestic animals, or people. The estimated annual per capita consumption of animal-based protein was 46.8 kg, with bushmeat contributing approximately 6%. Twenty species were reported as prohibited from hunting; nine species were explicitly permitted; and ten community rules for subsistence hunting were documented. Implications: The number of hunters and the consumption of bushmeat appears to have decreased due to the labor demands of the “Sembrando Vida” program, the economic support provided by the same program—which allows people to purchase alternative sources of animal protein—and the high incidence of conservation policies. Conclusion: The pattern of wildlife use described aligns with previous reports from the region and southeastern Mexico. However, the intensity of subsistence hunting and bushmeat consumption does not appear to remain constant year to year; it may increase during times of crisis (such as the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic) or decrease during periods of high labor demand, economic support, and increased conservation activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Carlos Tejeda-Cruz, Iris Judith Fuentes-Olivares, José Adalberto Zúñiga-Morales, Irais Elisa Fuentes-Olivares http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Yield, nutritive value and in-vitro digestibility of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varities intented for feed production, in Tigray, Ethiopia
Background: Cowpea is known for its adaptability to lowland and moisture-stressed environments, but its potential for fodder production in high and mid-altitude areas, particularly in Ethiopia and Tigray, remains underexplored. Objective. To evaluate the agronomic performances and nutritional value of six cowpea varieties in the southeastern and eastern zones of Tigray, Ethiopia representing mid and high altitudes, respectively. Methodology. The experiment was laid-out in a factorial arrangement of two locations (mid and high altitudes) and six cowpea varieties (Sewunet, Black-eyed bean, Kenkety, Temesgen (standard check), Bekur and Bole) in a randomized complete block design with three replication. Results. Both fresh biomass (FB) and dry matter (DM) yields (ton/ha) were affected (p<0.05) by variety, location, and their interactions. Cowpea varieties grown at high altitude site required a significantly longer time (p<0.05) to reach 50% flowering (78.6 days) and maturity (110.3 days) compared to those grown at midland altitude. There were variation (p<0.05) in thousand-seeds weight (kg), number of seeds per pod (NSPP), and number of pods per plant (NPPP) between the two test locations. Temesgen required a longer time (p<0.05) to reach flowering and maturity, but it produced higher (p<0.05) dry matter yield (DMY) (5.8 tons/ha), number of branches per plant (NBPP), number of leaves per plant (NLPP), and plant height (PH) compared to other varieties. The interaction between variety and location had affected (p<0.05) the ash content, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Implications. The study provides essential data on cowpea’s potential for fodder production in previously under-researched areas, which could lead to increased adoption of cowpea as a dual-purpose crop for both grain and fodder, benefiting livestock systems. Conclusion. This study identified cowpea varieties, especially Temesgen that can be highly productive and nutritionally valuable in mid and high altitudes, helping to widen the feed resource base and address the shortage of quality feed in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tesfay Atsbha Hailu, Kibrom Eisak, Assen Ebrahim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the physiology and mineral content of maize crop
Background. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is an effective alternative to improve the conditions of maize crop. Objective. To evaluate the effect of four commercial AMF products on the physiological development and accumulation of macro and microelements in maize crop. Methodology. Under field conditions, the effect of AMF application on physiological parameters and accumulation of macro and microelements in maize leaves and grains was evaluated at 35 and 75 days after sowing. A randomized complete block design was used. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and means were compared using Tukey's test. Results The Biotech and M‑300 treatments significantly enhanced net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and water‑use efficiency. Suppra treatment increased P, K, S, and Mg content in maize leaves. The content of macro and microelements in the grain showed no significant differences. Implication. This study highlights the positive influence of AMF inoculation on stomatal conductance and water use efficiency and macroelement content in maize leaves. Conclusion. The application of HMA had positive effects on the physiological performance and accumulation of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and manganese in maize leaves, but not in maize grain.
Copyright (c) 2025 Walther Jesus Torres, Arturo Reyes-Ramirez, Esau Ruiz-Sanchez, Jorge Ismael Tucuch-haas, Horacio Salomon Ballina-Gomez, Gabriel Antonio Lugo Garcia, Carlos Juan Alvarado- Lopez, Rene Garruña Hernandez, Julio Cesar Ahuatzin-Hernandez, Roberto Rafael Ruiz-Santiago http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth analysis and nutritional dynamics of fruits of two ilama (Annona diversifolia Saff.) genotypes native from Guerrero, Mexico
Background: Ilama (Annona diversifolia) is a fruit species native to Mexico, with Guerrero being the state with the largest planted area. This production is mainly concentrated in small backyard plantations and marginal areas. In fruit trees, fruit growth patterns are classified into two main types: sigmoid and double sigmoid. Growth pattern analysis and nutrient dynamics are key tools for implementing management strategies aimed at improving fruit quality. Objective: To characterize the growth pattern and nutrient accumulation dynamics in fruits of two native ilama genotypes (white-fleshed and wine-fleshed), in order to generate information to support agronomic management strategies and crop valorization. It was hypothesized that both genotypes exhibit a double sigmoid growth pattern and that nutrient accumulation varies significantly between tissues (flesh, seed, peel) and phenological stages. Results: Growth curves showed a double sigmoid pattern in both genotypes. At the end of development, the average polar diameter was 11.8 cm and the equatorial diameter was 11.1 cm. Nutrient accumulation was continuous throughout the growing season, with differences between tissues and specific nutrients (Ca, N, P, K, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe). Implications: This information can serve as a basis for designing specific fertilization and management strategies for ilama crops, aimed at improving their productivity and postharvest quality. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of understanding ilama's nutritional dynamics and growth patterns for designing sustainable agronomic practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Betsabe Piedragil-Ocampo, Ma. de Lourdes C. Arévalo-Galarza, Marco Antonio Otero-Sánchez, Alfredo López-Jiménez, Guillermo Calderón-Zavala, Holber Zuleta-Prada, Cecilia García-Osorio http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutritional value of Agave angustifolia Haw. in wild habitat in Guerrero, Mexico
Background: In Guerrero, Agave angustifolia is a species found in the wild and cultivated, it represents 80% of the raw material in the production of mezcal produced in the state. The residues generated during mezcal production are wasted agricultural waste that could be used to produce commercially valuable products. Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the bromatological and nutritional composition of A. angustifolia Haw. Methodology: Wild maguey plants were collected from six localities in Guerrero, Mexico. Physical and chemical analyses of leaf and stem were performed for the following parameters: pH, acidity (Ac), total organic carbon (TOC), total reducing sugars (ART), moisture (H), dry matter (Ms), ethereal extract (Ee), crude protein (Pc), crude fiber (Fc), ash (Cz) and concentrations of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Mo) and Na. Data were analyzed with R Software version 4.1.3 using Tukey's test, Mann-Whitney test, principal components analysis and Pearson's correlation, all performed at a significance level of p = 0.05. Results: The stem had a high concentration of ART (7.45%) and TOC (96.3%); the leaf had a higher concentration of Fc (99.8%), Cz (36.2%), Pc (8.86%) and Ee (3.61%). In terms of nutrients, on average, Ca (49.960 g kg-1), K (8.35 g kg-1) and N (8.642 g kg-1) were the highest concentrations in the whole plant; the leaf was the organ with the highest concentrations of Ca (71 g kg-1), K (14.567 g kg-1), N (14.250 g kg-1) and Mg (4.800 g kg-1). Implications: Mezcal is the main product made from A. angustifolia; however, the derivatives of the leaf, juice, bagasse and fiber can be used to make products that are of interest in the food, agricultural and medicinal industries. Conclusion: Based on the bromatological and nutritional results, A. angustifolia is a species to explore alternative uses that would be of sociocultural, economic and ecological importance.
Copyright (c) 2025 ELIAS HERNANDEZ CASTRO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aqueous botanical extracts for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) in corn, its chromatographic profile and compatibility with the bee Melipona beecheii (Bennett)
Background. One of the promising alternatives in the control of Spodoptera frugiperda is the use of botanical extracts due to their effectiveness and safety to the environment. Objective. To evaluate aqueous botanical extracts (ABE) in reducing damage by S. frugiperda in corn and their compatibility with the bee Melipona beecheii. Methodology. Aqueous foliar extracts of Azadirachta indica, Capsicum chinense, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Pluchea sericea at 2% (m/v) were applied to maize plants of the Sorento hybrid and their activity against S. frugiperda was determined under a completely randomized block design in two experiments. The toxicity of ABE ingestion was also evaluated in the laboratory in M. beecheii and the chromatographic profile of the extracts was carried out using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Results. The application of ABE in corn had no effect on the percentage of damaged plants, but did reduce the severity of damage (degree of damage) in Experiment 1. The ABE had no effects on the mortality or walking activity of M. beecheii. The major compounds of ABEs include terpenoids, phenols and fatty acids. Implications. The use of ABE can be an alternative for the control of S. frugiperda, but it is necessary to continue with evaluations of different concentrations and application frequencies. Conclusions. ABEs had no effects on the incidence of damage by S. frugiperda. Its effects on damage severity were inconsistent. ABEs could be compatible with pollinators, such as M. beecheii.
Copyright (c) 2025 Esaú Ruiz Sánchez, Arnoldo Enrique Alfaro Corres, Daniel González Mendoza, Federico Antonio Gutiérrez Miceli, Arturo Reyes Ramírez, René Garruña Hernández, Emanuel Hernández Núñez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Trichoderma species in association with banana and weed roots in southeast Mexico
Background. Cultivated plants and weeds play an important role in interacting with soil microorganisms, which, together with climatic and edaphic conditions, characterize the ecological niches of microorganisms such as Trichoderma. Objective. It was to determine the abundance and diversity of Trichoderma species with endophytic and epiphytic association in the root of five varieties of banana and weed in the states of Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Puebla, Mexico. Methodology. For the study, a total of 60 samples of banana root and weeds were collected, and from 3 to 7 samples per plot in which the pH and organic matter were measured. The endophytic and epiphytes fungi root was isolated, and these were characterized morphologically and molecularly. For the diversity analysis, the Shannon-Wiener (H') and Simpson indexes were used, and the frequency of species was calculated. Results. A total of 23 isolates were obtained, of which 21 were Trichoderma longibrachiatum, one of them Trichoderma reesei and other Trichoderma harzianum, and 61% of 23 isolates were epiphytes and 39% endophytes, and only the T. longibrachiatum specie showed both behaviors. Likewise, T. longibrachiatum was isolated in all the banana varieties analyzed as well as in weeds, and it had 100% presence in the enano gigante, macho Papaloapan, and macho chifle varieties, while in banana apple tree and purple varieties were obtained T. harzianum and T. reesei in 8% and 50% respectively. Of the total isolates, 70% were obtained from bananas and 30% from weeds, and none of them were endophytic in weeds. The highest abundance index AI= 0.1 was to Veracruz, which had pH=7.1 and O.M.=2.8-5.7, however, the diversity index in it was 0, the highest diversity indices were H=0.3, 0.2, and Ds= 0.67 which were obtained in Puebla state with pH= 6.7 and O.M.= 6.0 to 10 very similar to optimum. Implications. The cultivation of different varieties in each sampled state limited the comparison of determining results in the study. Conclusion. The abundance and diversity of Trichoderma species, as well as their endophytic and epiphytic behavior in banana roots, are influenced by factors such as the plant variety, which is colonized, the non-cultivated plant species found in the area, as well as the pH and the amount of organic matter in the soil. These factors generate inter and intraspecific relationships that intervene in the frequency of occurrence of Trichoderma species.
Copyright (c) 2025 Carmela Hernández Domínguez, Martin González Graillet, Betzabel Cruz Garrido, Roberto Carlos Ortega García, Cesar Adriel Santiago Moreno, Fabiel Vázquez Cruz, Delfino Reyes López, Gabriela Hernández Ramírez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Incidence of Lasiodiplodia theobromae on the dieback of ecuadorian cocoa: Nacional, CCN-51 and Trinitario
Background: Cocoa production in Ecuador, the world leader in fine flavour cocoa, faces losses due to dieback caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. This phytopathogen affects the quality and yield of the crop. Currently, information on the susceptibility of the main Ecuadorian varieties to this disease remains limited. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of L. theobromae on dieback of Ecuadorian cocoa: Nacional, CCN-51, and Trinitario. Methodology: The study was carried out between April and August 2023 at the La María Experimental Campus located in the town of Mocache, Los Ríos province, Ecuador. The experiments were conducted using a completely randomised design with three treatments, five replicates and ten experimental units per treatment. Isolations of the fungus were made from infected ears of the CCN-51 variety, and were morphologically and molecularly characterised. In this study, mycelial growth rate, colony diameter (cm) and infection coverage on cocoa pods (cm) were evaluated. In addition, fungal growth was determined in three culture media (potato dextrose agar, corn meal agar, and malt extract agar) at 14, 28, and 40 °C. Results: It was observed that potato dextrose agar medium and temperature of 28 °C were optimal for fungal growth. Internal and external infection coverage on cobs showed that Nacional was the most susceptible variety, followed by CCN-51 and Trinitario. The highest spore density was found on the surface of the cobs of the CCN-51 variety. Implications: The results highlight the need to strengthen integrated disease management and consider varietal resistance in breeding programmes. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm the high incidence of L. theobromae in the evaluated cocoa varieties. The Nacional variety was the most susceptible, registering the highest internal and external infection coverage, as well as high seedling mortality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pablo Preciado-Rangel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In vitro ruminal fermentation of a diet for lambs by varying origin and dose of oregano essential oil
Background: Oregano essential oil (OEO) is a natural alternative to conventional additives. OEO can improve efficiency in ruminant diets, but the magnitude of the impact may vary according to the origin and dose applied. Objective: To analyze the in vitro ruminal fermentation pattern by changing the origin and dose of OEO. Methodology: The treatments had a 2*5+1 factorial arrangement, the factors were the origin: Mexican (MOEO) and European (EOEO), and the dose: at levels of 70, 140, 280, 560, and 1120 ppm of the wet base substrate plus a control without addition of OEO. Contrasts and orthogonal polynomials were used to compare means. The variables quantified were: fast (FRF), medium (FMF) and slow fermentation fractions, as well as their total fermentable fraction (FFT); in vitro degradability of dry matter at 24 h (IVDMD24) and 72 h (IVDMD72); the in vitro degradability of organic matter at 72 h (IVOMD72); lag phase (L); fermentation rate (S); maximum volume (mV); VFA and CH4 production; acetic/propionic ratio (A/P); global warming potential index (GWPI) and environmental impact indicator (EII). Results. MOEO linearly affects FMF FTF, and Vm as the dose increases, while AEOE is a quadratic trend hence, MOEO is different from the control. IVOMD72 tends to decrease as the dose of the two OEOs increases; increasing the inclusion of MOEO decreases A/P linearly; EOEO and MOEO are different from the control in VFA production. There were no effects on environmental impact variables. Implications. The components of MOEO have greater antimicrobial capacity against rumen bacteria than AEOE, MOEO could act similarly to the impact of feed additives such as ionophores in reducing A/P. Conclusion. MOEO can better modulate ruminal fermentation than EOEO but decreases digestion and total gas production more.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noé Galindo Dorantes, Alvin Gustavo Carrillo Hurtado http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biomass and sugar production of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) for different sowing dates in Veracruz, Mexico
Background. The most commonly used raw materials for ethanol production are maize (Zea mays L.) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). A specie that is gaining importance because of its comparative advantages over other energy crops is sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The seasonality of production, which limits the continuous supply of sweet sorghum to the industry for ethanol production, is one of the limitations of this crop. Objective. To evaluate the biomass and sugar production of sweet sorghum genotypes for different sowing dates in Veracruz, Mexico conditions. Methodology. The development of ten genotypes was determined during the autumn-winter (October 2013), winter-spring (February 2014) and spring-summer (April 2014) cycles. Three genotypes were also tested on five planting dates: June 19th, July 1st, August 1st, September 1st, and October 2nd, at the Cotaxtla Experimental Station of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), located in the municipality of Medellín de Bravo, Veracruz, México. Results. Sweet sorghum developed in all cropping seasons, but the highest productivity was obtained in the spring-summer. Stem biomass, sugar concentration, juice volume, and sugar production were highest in June, July, and August, following planting. As the planting date was later, the values decreased. Implications. The optimal planting date for sweet sorghum cultivation in the state of Veracruz was identified. This information will be helpful for producers to obtain higher biomass yields and for the ethanol industry to plan sweet sorghum production as a complementary raw material to sugarcane. Conclusions. The optimum sweet sorghum planting period for producing biomass and sugars under Veracruz, Mexico, conditions is during June, July, and August.
Copyright (c) 2025 SERGIO URIBE-GÓMEZ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of feeding Manihot esculenta Crantz on egg production in laying hens
Background: Corn imported from the United States of America is used in southeastern Mexico to produce feed for laying hens. Objective: To evaluate Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) flour as a substitute for corn in feed for laying hens for egg production and quality. Methodology: A total of ninety 50-week-old hens with an average live weight of 1.512 ± 0.13 kg were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% or 40% cassava flour, using a completely randomised design. Results: The highest feed intake was observed in hens fed the diet containing 40% cassava (P<0.05). Laying rate, eggs produced per day, egg weight, and feed conversion did not differ significantly between treatments (P > 0.05). Similarly, egg length, egg width, shell thickness, shell weight, albumen and yolk characteristics, and Haugh units did not differ between treatments (P>0.05). Implications: The results suggest that local egg producers could replace up to 82% of corn with cassava in laying hen diets, thereby reducing their dependence on corn imports. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that incorporating up to 40% cassava meal instead of corn in the diet of laying hens does not compromise egg production, egg quality, or the economic efficiency of egg production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Victor Francisco Diaz Echeverria, Angel May Avila, Ronald Herve Santos Ricalde, Jose Candelario Segura Correa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of plant extracts and Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the management of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Background. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is among the most harmful pests that limit citrus yields, as it is a vector of the bacterium that causes Huanglongbing (HLB). Its management is based on the use of insecticides. Still, the possibility of using alternative techniques such as plant extracts and the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata Waterston (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) within an IPM program has recently been explored. Objectives. To evaluate the combined application of essential vegetable oils of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae), Tagetes coronopifolia Willd., T. lemmonii A. Gray, and T. terniflora Kunth (Asteraceae) with the parasitoid T. radiata in the management of D. citri. Methodology. In the first phase, the toxicity of the oils at different concentrations (LC30, LC50, LC80) toxic to D. citri was evaluated on the parasitoid, followed by two compatibility tests. The first consisted of directly applying the oils to nymphs and subsequently exposing them to T. radiata. In a second phase, exposure to the parasitoid was carried out first, followed by applying the oils. Results. T. coronopifolia and T. lemmonii essential oils were safe (Category 1; mortality < 30 % IOBC) for adults of T. radiata. Instead, the three evaluated concentrations of T. terniflora (0.02, 0.21, and 7.12 mg mL-1) were slightly harmful (Category 2: 30-79 % IOBC) for the parasitoid. In compatibility tests, applying oils (LC80 and LC50), in the first phase affected the feeding and parasitism of T. radiata. However, the LC30 of T. lemmonii oil in combination with the parasitoid reduced the population of D. citri nymphs by 81 %, followed by T. coronopifolia (76 %) and T. terniflora (63.2 %). A complementary interaction occurred in the second compatibility test (parasitoid-oils), since combining T. radiata with the application of the three oils suppressed by 80 % or more the population of D. citri nymphs. Implications. The feasibility of simultaneously employing extracts and parasitoids as effective control tactics for the integrated management of D. citri-HLB might depend on carefully selecting extracts, concentrations, and application times. Conclusions. It is possible to reach the compatibility between the parasitoid T. radiata and T. coronopifolia, T. lemmonii, and F. vulgare sprayed oils for the integrated management of D. citri, as long as the nymphs are first exposed to the parasitoid and then to the extracts LC30.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laura Delia Ortega-Arenas, Edgar Eduardo Mendoza-García, Juan Antonio Villanueva-Jiménez, Miguel Ángel Serrato-Cruz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of native maize and squash in monoculture and intercropping systems
Background: The large amount of native maize available in Mexico can be used in different associations with other crops, such as squash. However, it is necessary to determine whether its productivity is adequate and whether maize germplasm has an influence on it. Objective: To evaluate the yield of different native maize germplasms in monoculture and in intercropping with squash and to determine the most productive system using the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). Methodology: In 2022, three maize landraces from the Yucatan Peninsula, a commercial hybrid as a control, and a local squash species were studied in Keste, Campeche, Mexico. With the data, Pearson's correlation, analysis of variance, Tukey's multiple mean comparison test (α = 0.05), and LER were determined. Results: Maize in monoculture yielded significantly higher (2.35 t ha-1) than in the intercropping system. Nal Xoy and X'mejenal Nal maize landraces had the highest yields, although the hybrid exceeded them. The yield of squash seeds was statistically the same in monoculture and intercropping. In the association of native maize and squash, the type of maize germplasm has a direct impact on yield. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) confirmed the different levels of productivity in the two systems and the effects of maize germplasm. Implications: A relationship exists between the production system, maize germplasm, and yield. Conclusion: Maize yield is higher in monoculture than in the intercropping system. The LER could be a helpful coefficient to choose the right maize landrace to be planted in intercropped systems. The identified LER coefficients of 1.6–1.9 indicate that intercropping systems utilise land area more efficiently than monoculture systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monica Osnaya-Gonzalez, Stephan Rönicke, Hilda V. Silva-Rojas, Alberto Santillán-Fernández, José A. Monsalvo-Espinosa, Mauricio A. Carmona-Arellano, Eugenio Carrillo-Ávila http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biological effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. strains against guava scab disease (Pestalotiopsis clavispora) under in vitro and field conditions
Background: Guava scab is a disease caused by Pestalotiopsis clavispora, and chemical agents are used for its control. An alternative is the use of antagonistic fungi such as Trichoderma spp., which has been extensively studied and has a low environmental impact. Objective: In this study, the biological effectiveness of Trichoderma strains against Pestalotiopsis sp. was evaluated. Methodology: Dual bioassays were established, where mycelial discs of Trichoderma and Pestalotiopsis were placed equidistantly on PDA medium to evaluate the antagonist's behavior against the pathogen. In the field, six Trichoderma strains, two fungicides, one insecticide, and the wateronly control were evaluated. At harvest, the incidence and severity of the disease, as well as the biological effectiveness of the treatments, were determined. Results: The bioassays showed that most Trichoderma strains are good competitors for colonizing the medium. They also showed mycoparasitism and reduced Pestalotiopsis growth. Implication: In the field, two Trichoderma strains achieved a reduction in the percentage of damaged fruit, lower severity, and greater effectiveness, similar to one of the fungicides and the insecticide. Conclusion: These strains can be considered in field level management for guava stem blight control, with a lower environmental impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ernesto Gonzalez-Gaona, Karla Vanessa De Lira-Ramos, Olga Lidia Rivera-Dávila, Roberto Sanchez-Lucio, Lucila Perales-Aguilar, Efraín De La Cruz-Lázaro http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semen quality in Katahdin sheep: effect of collection frequency and number of ejaculates in fresh and post-thawed semen
Background: The fertility of the flock depends largely on the male, so the selection of studs with high genetic potential and good semen quality is essential. The frequency of collection directly influences sperm parameters such as volume, concentration, motility, and viability, with variations depending on species and breed. Objective: To evaluate the effects of the number and frequency of ejaculate collection on pre- and post-freezing semen characteristics in Katahdin sheep. Methodology: Fifteen one-year-old males were used, divided into three groups according to collection frequency: high (every 2 days), medium (every 4 days), and low (every 8 days). Semen parameters such as volume, motility, concentration, vitality, and DNA fragmentation were analyzed in both fresh and post-thaw semen. Results: Motility was significantly lower in the high frequency group (67.4 ± 6.5%) compared to the medium (73.9 ± 6.0%) and low (72.3 ± 8.7%) frequency groups (p ≤ 0.05), with no differences between the latter two groups. Sperm concentration decreased in the high frequency group (3001.66 ± 709.7 * 10⁶/mL) compared to the medium (4024.15 ± 595.1 * 10⁶/mL) and low (4035.44 ± 420.7 * 10⁶/mL) frequency groups (p ≤ 0.05). Vitality was lower in the high frequency (72.6 ± 6.5%) compared to the medium (78.6 ± 4.7%) and low (78.3 ± 5.9%) (p ≤ 0.05). DNA fragmentation increased in the second ejaculate of the high frequency group (16.3 ± 4.2%) compared to the medium (11.5 ± 3.7%) and low (10.4 ± 2.8%) frequency groups (p ≤ 0.05). After cryopreservation, motility of the second ejaculate was lower in the high frequency group (39.2 ± 6.3%) compared to the medium (45.7 ± 5.9%) and low (46.3 ± 5.2%) frequency groups (p ≤ 0.05). Implications: High collection frequency reduces semen quality in Katahdin sheep, negatively affecting critical parameters such as motility, concentration, vitality, and DNA stability. Optimizing extraction frequency not only promotes semen preservation and reproductive program efficiency, but also contributes to animal welfare by avoiding excessive collections that compromise semen quality. Conclusion: Collection frequency and number of ejaculates significantly influence semen quality in Katahdin sheep. Too frequent collections decrease sperm motility, concentration, and vitality, in addition to increasing DNA fragmentation, especially in the second ejaculate. Key words: Seminal parameters; Katahdin sheep; DNA fragmentation; cryopreservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 VICTOR MANUEL MEZA VILLALVAZO, Jose Abad Zavaleta, Emilia Lliteras-Martínez, Wilbert Hernández Montiel, Isabel Osorio Teran, Alfonso Chay Canul, Alfredo Trejo Cordova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar on tomatillo growth under greenhouse conditions
Background: Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa) production in Mexico requires the search for sustainable fertilization alternatives. In this regard, biochar helps retain water and mineral nutrients, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance the uptake of these nutrients, making them potentially viable strategies to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers. Objective: To evaluate the application of biochar and the inoculation of AMF on tomatillo growth. Methodology: A completely randomized experiment was designed, evaluating three percentages of biochar in the substrate (0%, 2.5%, and 5% v/v) and three AMF inocula: two native consortia from agricultural soils in Michoacán ("El Huizachal" and "El Limón"), and one commercial AMF composed of Rhizophagus intraradices and Glomus fasciculatum. Nine treatments were generated with eight replications, for a total of 72 experimental units. The dynamics of plant growth were recorded weekly by measuring plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter. At 60 days after transplanting, the plants were harvested, and the growth parameters as well as microbiological variables were recorded. Results: A significant effect of the evaluated factors was found (p<0.05); biochar at 2.5% and 5% and the commercial AMF promoted stem diameter, aerial fresh weight, and total fresh weight. In the interaction of factors, the combination of commercial AMF with 5% biochar recorded the highest values for leaf area, root dry weight, and total dry weight. On the other hand, the treatment with 2.5% biochar combined with the “El Limón” consortium significantly increased (p<0.05) stem diameter, root and total fresh weight, number of flowers, and root volume and length. The results showed that biochar negatively affected the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis by reducing AMF colonization and spore number by 72% and 60%, respectively. Implications: The synergy between AMF and biochar depends on the compatibility of the inoculum used and the dose or source of biochar applied. Conclusions: The promotion of tomatillo plant growth depends on the type of mycorrhizal inoculum species and the concentration of biochar in the substrate. This suggests that the use of biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can improve plant performance while contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alfredo Reyes Tena, Luiz López Pérez, Lizbeth Vázquez Lezama, Dario Flores Murillo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable agri-food system in Mexico to promote healthy and nutritious eating
Background. Developing operational methodological frameworks for the study of Sustainable Agri-food Systems is a challenge. Objective. To identify the impact of the Mexican National Agri-food System on public health. Methodology. Data from international, national, and government sources were consulted, apparent consumption was estimated, and indicators of population health and water footprint were used to conduct a correlational study using a Sustainable Agri-food System approach. Results. The limited number of plant and animal species that underpin the current National Agri-food System is associated to the increase in noncommunicable diseases such as overweight and obesity in adults, children, and adolescents. The low average monthly income of vulnerable groups exacerbates existing health problems, as they are unable to access healthy and nutritious food. Insufficient physical activity amplifies the health conditions identified. Implications. It is essential to conduct specific studies at the species level, because generalized analyses at the national level can obscure the demonstrated impact that the consumption of specific species within the National Agri-Food System has on the environment, society, health, and the economy. Conclusions. The availability of Healthy and Sustainable Food Guidelines, along with water footprint indicators for different food products, should improve the food, nutritional, and environmental conditions of the National Agri-food System, by promoting responsible production and consumption, through the adoption of more efficient technologies to reduce the water footprint and support the transition towards Sustainable Agri-food Systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Enrique Genaro Martínez-González, Horacio Reyes-Gómez, Jorge Aguilar-Ávila, Norman Aguilar-Gallegos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biotic and abiotic factors determining the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in tropical agroecosystems of Tabasco, Mexico
Background. Climate Change (CC) is a major threat to tropical biodiversity, with projections of up to 4.8 °C warming by the end of the century. Both natural ecosystems and agroecosystems will be affected, particularly soil biota. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), symbionts associated with 90% of terrestrial plants, are highly sensitive to temperature, soil moisture, and edaphic properties, as well as intensive agricultural practices that degrade their communities. Tree presence in agroecosystems can create more favorable conditions for AMF development. Objective. To evaluate the influence of tree cover, microclimatic variables, and soil properties on the composition and diversity of AMF communities in tropical agroecosystems of southeastern Mexico. Methodology. Microclimate, soil properties, tree cover, and AMF communities were compared across six agroecosystems (Acahual, Home Garden, Milpa, Pasture, Forest Plantation, and Conserved Vegetation) located in the Usumacinta Canyon Flora and Fauna Protection Area, Tabasco, México. Composite soil samples (0–30 cm) were collected for physical and chemical analyses and morphological characterization of AMF. Results. Significant differences were observed in air and soil humidity and temperature, as well as in sand and potassium content. Tree density was highest in Conserved Vegetation, while Acahual had the greatest diversity. AMF spore abundance did not vary significantly, but morphospecies richness did. Positive correlations were found between cation exchange capacity and organic matter with AMF spore abundance and richness, respectively. Soil moisture correlated negatively with richness, and these variables were linked to tree cover. Implications. These findings provide evidence for sustainable management strategies that incorporate trees into tropical agroecosystems, enhancing microclimatic regulation, soil quality, and AMF communities, thereby contributing to resilience against CC. Conclusion. The composition of AMF communities is indirectly affected by tree diversity by modifying the microclimates and soil properties of tropical agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Juan David Ricárdez Pérez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of natural and chemical herbicides for weed management in Veracruz, Mexico
Background. Synthetic herbicides have reduced crop yield losses due to competition with weeds. However, their excessive use has led to the development of resistant ecotypes and damage to health and the environment. In response, countries such as Mexico have issued decrees to reduce their use, prompting the search for alternatives to glyphosate. Objective. To determine the efficacy of five natural and three synthetic herbicides for arvenses control in Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology. At INIFAP's Cotaxtla Experimental site, Zecatryn, Sec Natural, Herbitech, Kill-Herbs, and Vinecide were evaluated, as well as glyphosate, paraquat, and ammonium glufosinate, using commercial doses. A randomized block design with four replicates was used. Results. Weed control was achieved between 80 and 90% with glyphosate and Sec Natural up to 40 days after application (DAA), with similar results to those of Herbitech, Kill-Herbs, and ammonium glufosinate (70-80%). Paraquat achieved 50%, while Zecatryn recorded less than 15%. Implications. Some of the natural herbicides evaluated could be used as alternatives to glyphosate. Conclusions. Glyphosate showed higher effectiveness, with control greater than 80% at 70 DAA. Sec Natural, Herbitech, and Kill-Herbs had good to moderate efficiency up to 40 DAA, positioning them as viable bioherbicide options in an integrated weed control approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 SERGIO URIBE-GÓMEZ, VALENTIN ALBERTO ESQUEDA-ESQUIVEL, RIGOBERTO ZETINA-LEZAMA, MARCO ANTONIO REYNOLDS-CHAVEZ, NAIN PERALTA-ANTONIO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Productive variables and meat quality of specialized turkeys fed with commercial diet and added with Zea mays or Leucaena spp.
Background: Turkeys in intensive production are fed grains and oilseed meal. However, turkeys are omnivores and can consume forage. A dietary alternative is the use of foliage from trees such as Leucaena, since diet directly influences meat production and quality. Objective: To evaluate the productive variables and meat quality of specialized turkeys fed a commercial diet supplemented with broken Zea mays grains or 20% Leucaena spp. foliage. Methodology: Commercial turkeys were fed to three different diets to determine productivity and meat quality. Results: Birds fed a commercial diet showed the best productive response but not the best final product quality. Discussion: The chemical composition and presentation of feed directly affect the productive variables of commercial turkeys due to the availability and utilization of nutrients; however, the addition of Leucaena spp. to the diet improves meat quality. Implication: This study provides experimental evidence on the use of Leucaena leucocephala as an alternative forage for turkeys, demonstrating its nutritional viability in tropical systems. By evaluating its impact on feed intake, weight gain, and meat quality, it expands knowledge on poultry diets based on local resources. Furthermore, it establishes a link between diet type and animal welfare, opening new research avenues on product quality and ethical management in semi-intensive systems. Conclusion: Productive response is better with the commercial diet, but the highest meat quality is obtained when corn or Leucaena spp. are added to the feed, suggesting a trade-off between productive efficiency and meat quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Guillermo de Jesús González Crespo, Serafín Jacobo López Garrido, José Guadalupe Gamboa Alvarado, Marco Antonio Camacho Escobar, Marta Patricia Jerez Salas, Narciso Ysac Ávila Serrano, Mónica Marcela Galicia Jimenéz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of organic amendments on soil chemical properties and yield of organic avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivation in Lima, Peru
Background. The incorporation of organic amendments is a sustainable and environmentally responsible practice for fertilization and the restoration of agricultural soils. Objective. To evaluate the effect of different organic sources on soil chemical properties, yield, and fruit size distribution in an organic avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass orchard. Methodology. The study was conducted in a certified organic orchard during its fourth productive season. Five organic sources were evaluated: seabird guano (SG), poultry manure (PM), cattle manure (CM), compost (CO), and vermicompost (VC), each applied at a dose of 0.340 kg N/tree; a control treatment without amendments was included. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five replications. Soil chemical properties were analyzed at the beginning and end of the trial. At harvest, the total number of fruits per tree, total yield, fruit size distribution, and percentage of export-grade fruits were recorded. Results. Organic amendments significantly altered soil chemical properties. All organic treatments resulted in a significant increase (p<0.01) in yield, number of fruits per tree, and fruit size compared to the control. The highest proportions of production were concentrated in fruit sizes 18 (203–243 g.fruit-1) and 20 (184–217 g.fruit-1), which are highly valued in commercial markets. Organic treatments achieved exportable fruit percentages above 93%, while the control reached only 85%. Seabird guano did not perform as expected due to its limited nutrient content. Implications. The findings highlight the potential of organic sources—particularly compost, poultry manure, and vermicompost—to improve soil fertility and the productivity of organic avocado crops in coastal Peru. Conclusions. The application of organic amendments positively influenced both yield and exportable fruit quality in organic Hass avocado cultivation, while significantly improving soil chemical properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dori Udulia Felles-Leandro, José Zelada-López, Sady García-Bendezú http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acuaponic production of tilapia and lettuce in semi-arid regions: water efficiency and nutrient recycling
Background: Water scarcity and food insecurity in arid regions such as the Comarca Lagunera demand sustainable production models. Aquaponics, integrating fish and plants in a closed-loop system, emerges as a viable alternative to optimize resources and strengthen food self-sufficiency in rural areas. Objective: To evaluate the productive performance, water efficiency, and technical and economic feasibility of a low-cost aquaponic system combining tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under semi-arid conditions. Methods: Three production systems were compared under semi-controlled conditions for 18 weeks: aquaponics (fish and plants), aquaculture (fish only), and hydroponics (plants only). Growth performance, water consumption, nutrient recycling, and operating costs were analyzed. Results: The aquaponic system increased final tilapia weight by 22.3%, lettuce root development by 28%, and reduced water use by 30% compared to hydroponics, while achieving 89.3% nitrate absorption and 38.5% lower operating costs. Implications: The results demonstrate that aquaponics can improve water-use efficiency, reduce the use of fertilizers and plastics, and promote circular economy models applicable in rural communities with limited resources. Conclusions: Aquaponics is a technically and economically feasible alternative for semi-arid regions, integrating water efficiency, nutrient recycling, and sustainable food production, contributing to food security and local resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 María Gabriela Cervantes-Vázquez, Tomás Juan Álvaro Cervantes-Vázquez, J. Guadalupe Luna-Ortega, Magdalena Galindo-Guzmán, Alma Patricia Galindo-Guzmán, Anselmo González-Torres, Juan Luis Ríos-Plaza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physicochemical and functional properties of starches from Brosimum alicastrum (Sw.) and Zea mays obtained by wet-extraction without chemical agents
Background: Starch is a polysaccharide widely used in the food industry and other applications due to its functional properties. It is commonly extracted from different sources, mainly grains and tubers. Brosimum aliscastrum Sw. tree is a non-conventional source that may represent a viable alternative that does not compete with resources for either human or animal consumption. Objective: To characterize the physicochemical, functional, and thermo-structural properties of starches isolated from ramon seed (B. alicastrum) and maize (Zea mays) employing a green wet-extraction method without chemical agents. Methodology: Flours from ramon seed (RS) and maize were subjected to soaking, washing, filtering, and centrifugation using only distilled water to isolate starches. Results: Extraction yields were 28.7% for ramon seed starch (RSS) and 36.33% for maize starch (MS). Chemical composition, particularly carbohydrate content (86% for RSS and 87% for MS), was comparable to values obtained by alkaline and acid methods. Amylose content was higher in MS (27.61%) compared to RSS (23.60%). Implications: The results suggest that green extraction demonstrated efficiency in recovering starches with properties comparable to those obtained through conventional chemical methods while also promoting the use of non-conventional sources such as RS. Conclusion: The isolation method employed enables the recovery of starches with yields and physicochemical properties similar to those obtained through conventional methods. The findings highlight the potential of RSS as an alternative source of starch for various applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Armando Sarmiento-Franco http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenological and productive response of white maize to climate change in andean conditions
Background. Climate change has direct impacts on current and future crop productivity, negatively affecting food security, particularly in Latin America. Objective. To assess the impact of projected climate change on the phenology and yield of white maize using the DSSAT CERES-Maize model, which was calibrated and validated under Andean conditions. Methodology. The crop model was validated using data from field trials carried out in 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 under different planting densities and nutrient management regimes. Climate projections from the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and emissions scenarios from Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) were used. Results. Calibration and validation of the CERES maize crop model demonstrated good agreement between simulated and observed values for white maize phenology and yield under Andean conditions. The error rate percentage was less than 10%, which indicates high accuracy of the simulation results. The phenology of white maize was significantly affected under all SSP climate scenarios, particularly in the 2090s, indicating a decrease of up to 83 days (approximately 39%) in the SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios. Regarding maize productivity, a reduction in yield is expected under SSP370 and SSP585 (up to a maximum of 20%), with declines being more significant at the end of the century. Conversely, projections for the SSP126 scenario indicate a slight increase in yields. Implications. These results suggest that climate change will have a negative impact on the white maize crop under Andean conditions. Therefore, mitigation and adaptation measures will be necessary to reduce the risk of meeting population demand in the mid-to-late century under the most severe emissions scenario. Conclusion. The findings estimate that white maize will considerably shorten the growing season under future climate change, with potential impacts on crop yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mirian Irene Capa-Morocho, Fernanda Zapata, Rodrigo Abad-Guamán, Diego Chamba-Zaragozín http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of regional substrates and fertilizers for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings production
Background: The use of regional waste as a substrate to produce oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings represents a sustainable alternative in the pre-nursery stage, reducing dependence on commercial substrates. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different regional substrates and fertilizers on the growth and development of oil palm seedlings. Methodology: The study mainly involved replacing the commercial substrate, whose main component was peat moss. Seven substrates made from regional waste were evaluated: Control: Peat : Eucalyptus spp. bark (3:2); S1: Oil palm empty fruit bunches : peat moss: perlite : vermiculite (3:1:0.5:0.5); S2: Oil palm empty fruit bunches : Cedrela odorata sawdust : palm kernel shell charcoal : Theobroma cacao husk (3:1:0.5:0.5); S3: Cedrela odorata sawdust : peat moss : palm kernel shell charcoal : Theobroma cacao husk (3:1:0.5:0.5); S4: Theobroma cacao husk : Cedrela odorata sawdust : palm kernel shell charcoal (3:1.5:0.5); S5: Eucalyptus spp. bark : Theobroma cacao husk: Cedrela odorata sawdust (3:1:1); S6: Coconut coir : Theobroma cacao husk : Cedrela odorata sawdust (3:1:1). In addition, three different types of fertilizers were tested: controlled-release fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer, and biofertilizer with mycorrhizae. Plant growth and development were evaluated based on height and stem diameter. Results: The Control, S4, and S6 substrates with controlled-release fertilizer showed the greatest growth in height, while the Control and S4 substrates had the highest increase in stem diameter. The regional substrates had lower production cost compared to the Control substrate. Implications: The regional substrates and fertilizers were evaluated only during the prenursery stage, using tubes for a period of three months. Conclusions: This study identified sustainable substrate alternatives for oil palm seedlings production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katia Jazmín Romero Bautista, David Jesús Palma López, César Jesús Vázquez Navarrete, José Jesús Obrador Olán, Winston Vlaminck, Arnulfo Aldrete, Laurène Feintrenie http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leaf litter production and potential nutrient return in agroforestry systems with cacao and tropical fine woods
Background: Leaf litter production in agroforestry systems represents a potential return of nutrients to the soil through decomposition and mineralization processes. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional contribution of leaf litter produced in an agroforestry system (AFS) of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) variety TCS 19 with tropical fine woods. Methodology: An evaluation was carried out in two locations in eastern Colombia (Muzo, Boyacá and Rionegro, Santander); the associated timber species were abarco (Cariniana pyriformis Miers) and teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) in two planting models (barriers in single rows and double rows). The leaf litter production of individual timber species and their combinations with cacao, as well as the contribution of nutrients (macro- and micronutrients), were evaluated under a randomised complete block design with eight combinations (four species combinations in two planting systems). Results: A correlation was found between climatic variables, such as rainfall, and litterfall production, with litterfall production being higher during periods of lower rainfall at both sites. The highest leaf litter production was in treatment TCS 19 cacao with double rows of abarco shading, at 4,248.6 kg ha-1 year-1 in Muzo, and the least litter production was in single rows of teak, at 343 kg ha-1 year-1 in Rionegro. For macronutrient supply, the best treatment in Muzo, with the highest contribution, was the TCS 19 cacao with abarco double-rows treatment, which provided nutrients N (56 kg ha-1) and Ca (51 kg ha-1). In Rionegro, the highest contribution was made by the abarco double-rows treatment for the nutrients N (30 kg ha-1) and treatment TCS 19 cacao with double-rows abarco in Ca (34 kg ha-1). Implications: The tropical hardwood agroforestry system, featuring cacao, whether planted in single or double rows, provides significant nutritional value due to the litter produced during its physiological and productive development. Conclusions: The associated timber species make a differential contribution to litter and the nutrient contents by location. The abarco is the forest species that generates the most significant nutritional contribution through the decomposition of leaf litter in the soil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jairo Rojas Molina, Eliana Báez-Daza, Yajaira Romero-Barrera, Genaro Andres Agudelo-Castañeda, Diego Alejandro Zarate, Gladys Alejandra Romero Guerrero http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors that influence the operation and communication of governmental support programs among small-scale bovine dairy farmers in central Mexico
Background: Social networks that comprise farmers, institutions, researchers, and outreach services are strategic for rural development. It is necessary to identify factors that promote or restrict the participation of small-scale dairy farmers in governmental support programs and their dynamics in the social network in the communication and dissemination of information. Objective: To identity factors that influence the operation and communication of governmental support programs among small-scale dairy farmers. Methodology: A questionnaire was applied to 213 farmers. For identifying differences between farmers who receive governmental supports (Group 1, n=93) and those who do not (Group 2, n=120), a Mann-Whitney U test was conducted. Variables associated for obtaining governmental support were identified through a binary logistic regression analysis. The key actors in information dissemination were found through a social network analysis of the 93 farmers who receive governmental supports. Results: Significant differences (P<0.05) were found between groups. The farmers with governmental supports had larger production units, higher technology level and perceived that it was less difficult to carry out the procedures to access such programs. Variables related to total hectares, number of feeding techniques, daily sales of milk, and perception of difficulty were associated to participation in governmental support programs. Implications: The key actors in the social network were the farmers with the largest farms, greater availability of economic resources and links with other farmers or officials from governmental institutions and organizations; however, farmers with restricted liquidity and smaller farms, but who generate links in the network were also recognized as key actors. Conclusions: The participation of farmers in governmental support programs was associated to the size of the production unit, perception of simplicity or difficulty to carry out the legal procedures, in addition to links with key actors who make the legal procedures easy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Carlos Galdino Martínez García http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Soil physical properties and maize productivity under different tillage methods in the Central Highlands of Kenya
Background. Inappropriate tillage methods are one of the leading causes of land degradation which threatens food security in most sub-Saharan countries, especially given that most agriculture is rain-fed. Thus, production approaches to address this challenge need to be holistic, not only to improve crop production but also to enhance soil health and conserve water sustainably. Objective. To evaluate the effects of different tillage methods on soil properties and thus the impact on crop performance using maize as the test crop. Methodology. The study was done at the Upper Kabete Campus, University of Nairobi, during the 2021 long and short rainy seasons. The soils at the study site are Humic Nitisols. The trial used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates and four treatments: Disc Ploughing and Harrowing (DPH), Ripping (R), Jab Planting (JP), and Hand-Hoeing (HH). Soil physical properties and crop performance indicators were monitored throughout the seasons. Results. Results indicated that tillage significantly (p<0.05) influenced soil moisture and grain yields in both seasons. Average moisture levels (%) were 46.91 (R)>31.41 (DPH)>29.60 (JP)>29.55 (HH) during long-rains and 41.59 (R)>28.38 (JP)>28.32 (HH)>26.95 (DPH) during short-rains. Soil surface roughness was significantly affected by tillage during SR, with average values (%) of 3.11 (HH), 2.96 (DPH), 2.13 (R), and 1.68 (JP). Crust strength trends were consistent across seasons, JP>R>DPH>HH, and values ranged from 0.5 to 2.8 MPa. Bulk density (Mg m⁻³) during SR averaged 1.11 (JP)>1.03 (HH)>1.02 (R)>0.97 (DPH), with tillage significantly influencing the values. Porosity, inversely related to bulk density, average values (%) were 63.45(DPH)>61.61 (R)>61.31 (HH)>58.11 (JP)) in SR. Tillage did not significantly affect saturated hydraulic conductivity. Tillage also had no significant effects on maize height, leaf area, leaf area index, and biomass yields. Average grain yield (Mg/ha) trends during long-rains were 5.69 (R)>5.32 (DPH)>4.19 (JP)>3.96 (HH), and during short-rains, 12.73 (R)>10.04 (DPH)>9.78 (HH)>8.73 (JP). Implications. The findings of this study establish that minimum tillage can improve soil quality and crop production. Conclusion. Ripping yielded the most positive effects on soil properties and crop yields and is recommended for sustainable soil management and maize productivity in the Central Highlands of Kenya and similar agroecological zones.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tabitha Nekesa, Anne Nyambura Karuma, Solomon Kamau, Claire Nasike Akello, Charles Gachene http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological alterations in flowers of Capsicum annuum and C. chinense due to increase in temperature and CO2
Background: Temperature and atmospheric CO₂ concentration strongly influence the biological cycle of plants, particularly during the reproductive stage. These environmental factors have been altered by anthropogenic activity, affecting flower morphology and fertility. Objective: To evaluate the floral morphology of Capsicum annuum and C. chinense under high temperature and elevated CO₂ conditions. Methodology: Plants were grown in four controlled-environment chambers: T1 = control (30 °C, 400 µmol mol⁻¹), T2 = 30 °C and 1200 µmol mol⁻¹, T3 = 40 °C and 400 µmol mol⁻¹, and T4 = 40 °C and 1200 µmol mol⁻¹. Morphometric traits of sepals, petals, androecium, and gynoecium were recorded throughout flower development. Results: In C. annuum, flowers from T2 were larger from the earliest stages, significantly surpassing the other treatments after day 13 and reaching their maximum size on day 19 (19.1 ± 0.27 mm). In C. chinense, the same treatment reached its largest size on day 17 (13.3 mm). Elevated CO₂ increased petal and ovary area in both species, whereas high temperature reduced filament length, style width, ovary diameter, and the number of ovules per ovary. It also decreased pollen quantity and viability. In all treatments, flower temperature was higher than ambient air temperature. Implications: Elevated CO₂ partially offset the negative effects of heat stress by promoting floral organ growth; however, high temperature impaired reproductive structures and potential fertility. Conclusion: Elevated CO₂ enhanced floral development in Capsicum species, whereas high temperature reduced pollen viability and reproductive efficiency, potentially limiting fruit set under future climate change scenarios.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mauricio Castillo Colli, Jade Pereyda González, Fabiola M. Ríos Bolívar, Rubén Andueza Noh, Laura Yáñez Espinosa, Neith Pacheco López, Emanuel Hernández Núñez, René Garruña http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Blast disease associated with grass weeds in rice production systems of Paraguay
Background: Several fungal species within the genus Pyricularia are associated with blast diseases affecting Poaceae crops, including wheat, rice, oat, barley, triticale, and various grass weeds. Among these, Pyricularia oryzae is recognized as a major pathogen due to its significant impact on cereal production worldwide. The fungus can survive on weed hosts, potentially serving as inoculum reservoirs. Objective: To characterize grass weed species acting as alternative hosts for Pyricularia spp. in rice agroecosystems in Paraguay. Methodology: During the 2020/2021 rice season, symptomatic weed samples exhibiting elongated or elliptical lesions with reddish-brown margins and lighter centers were collected across major rice-producing regions. Samples were processed at the Microbiology and Biotechnology laboratories of the Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Itapúa, and the Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria (IPTA). Results: Morphological characterization of isolates cultured on oat agar revealed grayish to dark-gray colonies, with conidia hyaline, pyriform to obclavate, and containing two transverse septa. Molecular identification based on ITS region sequencing confirmed isolates from Cynodon dactylon as Pyricularia grisea (99.8% similarity) and from Echinochloa sp. as Pyricularia oryzae (100% similarity). Pathogenicity assays in rice seedlings (cv. IRGA 424) reproduced typical blast symptoms for the rice-derived isolate, whereas the Cynodon dactylon- and Echinochloa-derived isolates elicited differential reactions, including hypersensitive, incompatible, and mild blast-like symptoms. Implications: These findings underscore the epidemiological role of grass weeds as alternative hosts and potential inoculum reservoirs of Pyricularia spp., emphasizing the need to integrate weed monitoring and management into comprehensive blast disease control strategies in rice cultivation systems. Conclusion: Grass weed species present in rice agroecosystems of Paraguay were identified as reservoirs for Pyricularia spp., highlighting their potential role in pathogen survival and dissemination within rice fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alfredo Urashima, Beatriz Karina Morinigo Giménez, Cintia Cazal Martínez, Alicia Chávez, Liliana Talavera, Rocío Duarte, Marta Fernández Gamarra, Lidia Quintana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physicochemical characterization and metal content in water and sediments of affluents to a reservoir in the southeast Peruvian Andes
Background: Water is an essential natural resource for the survival of living organisms on Earth. However, recently, both anthropogenic and natural activities have contaminated water bodies in the Andes with metals and other pollutants. Objective: To characterize the water physicochemical and to determine the concentration of metals in water and sediments, as well as the relationship between them, in the tributaries of a reservoir in the southeastern Peruvian Andes. Methodology: We selected 19 sampling points (affluents). Two types of samples were taken at each sampling point: (1) water samples were taken for physicochemical analysis and to find out the concentration of 15 metals; and (2) sediment samples were taken to find out the concentration of 16 metals. We used Spearman's correlation coefficient to analyze the relationship between water physicochemical properties and metal concentrations in water and sediments. Results: For most of the metals (As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sb and Zn) analyzed in water, concentrations higher than the Peruvian environmental quality standards (EQS) were found. The pH was inversely related to aluminium, beryllium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc. Conductivity was directly related to aluminium, beryllium, copper, nickel, lead, uranium and zinc. On the other hand, only positive and significant correlations were found between the concentrations of arsenic, boron, cadmium, lead and antimony found in water and sediments. Implications: It is important to adequately assess, manage, and monitor water resources to ensure their quality for human consumption. This is because we found that the physicochemical characteristics and metal concentrations in water exceed EQS and may represent a risk to human health. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the existence of acid rock drainage in the studied affluents. In most of the tributaries, pH, dissolved oxygen, and most of the metals in the water exceeded the EQS. In addition, an interaction process was evidenced between the concentration of metals in water and sediments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jorge Garate-Quispe, Roger Gonzales-Aliaga, Vladimiro Ibañez-Quispe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socioeconomic activities and territorial transformations in Comalcalco, Mexico
Background: Comalcalco stands out as one of the municipalities with the largest number of oil facilities in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. The expansion of human settlements, along with the growing demand for food, housing, services, and other needs in recent years, has exerted significant pressure on natural resources, leading to land-use changes that often have negative impacts on them. Objective: To analyze the dynamics of land use changes in the municipality during the periods 1986–2003 and 2023. Methodology: Landsat satellite images were classified and analyzed using the Land Change Modeler module in TerrSet. Results: The main findings indicate that land cover changes have been driven primarily by two transformative forces: government policies that strongly shape land use and the oil industry, which has been present in the municipal territory since the 1970s. Implications: Projections for 2035 reveal a continuous process of territorial transformation in the municipality, characterized by the expansion of human settlements and the reduction of natural cover. The significant loss of hydrophytic vegetation, grasslands, and arboreal vegetation implies a deterioration of ecosystem services and greater socio-environmental vulnerability. Although some gains are expected in mangroves and hydrophytic vegetation, these do not offset the pressure from urban growth. Consequently, the future territorial configuration points to a predominance of livestock and urban land uses, highlighting the need for public policies that balance socioeconomic development with the conservation of natural resources. Conclusion: The development of public policies is essential to ensure the sustainable use and management of natural resources in harmony with socioeconomic activities, thereby fostering regional development while conserving them.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silvia del Carmen Ruiz Acosta, Luisa Fernanda Hernández-Gutiérrez, Adalberto Galindo Alcantara, Miguel Ángel Palomeque de la Cruz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide and compost on the initial growth of corn seedlings (Zea mays L.)]
Background: Corn is a cereal of great importance in human and animal food; which, guarantees food security and global economy. In Peru, corn is cultivated under conventional agriculture that is dependent on agrochemicals. Objective: To evaluate the combined effect of different foliar doses of hydrogen peroxide and compost on the initial development of corn seedlings. Methodology: Commercial hydrogen peroxide (CHP) (H2O2 at a concentration of 3 g 100 mL-1) and compost-C were evaluated in the treatments: T0 (control-conventional), T1 (C-2.5% CHP), T2 (C-5% CHP), T3 (C-10% CHP). The morphometric variables were: plant height (PH), root length (RL), number of leaves (NL) and stem diameter (SD) and biomass: aerial fresh weight (AFW), aerial dry weight (ADW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW) at 26 and 39 DAP (days after planting), Brix grades (°B) were evaluated on the last date. Results: T2 and T3 treatments significantly improved RL and NL at 26 DAP; however, at 39 DAP, T2 increased PH, AFW, RFW, ADW, RDW and °B; and T3 increased RL. The highest positive correlation between variables was present at 39 DAP with respect to 36 DAP. Implications: The combined effect of “CHP” and “C” improves plant performance through a good distribution of organic carbon (glucids) obtained from carbon dioxide fixation and reduces fertilizer use. Conclusion: Treatments T2 and T3 significantly increased the variables under study at 39 DAP. Likewise, the positive correlation between the variables improved.
Copyright (c) 2025 Davies Arturo Morales Pizarro, Daniel Mena-Acha, Esteven Atarama-Castillo, Roger Chanduvi-García, Marcos Quiroz-Calderón, Ricardo Peña-Castillo, Mariano Calero-Merino, Miguel Galecio-Julca, Ana Montero-Salazar, Sergio Copa Vizcarra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First report of the pepper thrips Thrips parvispinus (Karny) in Costa Rica
Background: The accidental invasive insects pose a growing threat to agricultural productivity and food security worldwide. Objective: To report for the first time the pepper thrips Thrips parvispinus in Costa Rica. Methodology: Specimens were collected from May to October 2024 in commercial crops Capsicum annuum, Citrus sinensis, Coriandrum sativum, Cucumis sativus, and ornamental Croton spp. in the western region of the country, encompassing both protected environments and greenhouses. The thrips identification was carried out using external morphological characteristics and partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Results: Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the species identity of T. parvispinus. Implications: The observed damage included feeding scars on young leaves, margin curling, necrosis of foliar tissue, and floral deformation; with relevant implications for the health of these crops in Costa Rica. Conclusion: The detection of this invasive species represents a phytosanitary concern in Central America and underscores the necessity for continuous monitoring and implementation of effective insect management strategies throughout the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jesus Alexander Rodríguez-Arrieta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Does row spacing affects plant growth, ear characteristics and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L.)?
Background. Plant density is a component of yield that affects growth, morphology and yield of maize; however, the effect of spatial arrangement, that is, the distance between rows and between plants, on these factors is less known. Objective. To evaluate the effect of row spacing on plant growth, ear characteristics, and yield of sweet corn in Coquimatlán, Colima, Mexico. Methodology. The A7573 maize hybrid was sown under a completely randomized experimental design at a density of 50,000 plants·ha-1 with three spatial arrangements: T1) 100 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants, T2) 80 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants and T3) 60 cm between rows and 33 cm between plants. Results. Plants sown at 100 cm row spacing showed greater height, stem diameter, leaf area, and relative chlorophyll index than plants sown at 80 and 60 cm row spacing. Ears from plants sown at 80 and 100 cm row spacing were longer and wider than those sown at 60 cm. Plants sown 100 cm apart produced approximately 11 and 27% heavier ears than those sown 80 and 60 cm apart, respectively. Yields increased significantly as row spacing increased. A strong correlation was observed between the distance between rows and the relative chlorophyll index (r= 0.78) and between the relative chlorophyll index and ear weight and yield (r= 0.76). Implications. Considering these results, new studies should be carried out focused on evaluating increasing population densities using a spatial arrangement of 100 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants to produce a greater quantity of ears per unit area without reducing its weight and size. Conclusion. Maize sown at a row spacing of 100 cm improved plant growth and ear yield and characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2025 José Manuel Gutiérrez-Campos, Miguel Angel Barreto-Torres, David Isaías Espinosa-Aguilar, Rafael Julio Macedo Barragan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epidemiological factors associated with the distribution of Rickettsia hosts in Ucú, Yucatan, Mexico
Background. Rickettsioses are zoonoses caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Rickettsia transmitted through bites or feces of ectoparasites (ticks, fleas, lice, and hematophagous mites). Rodents and dogs play a role in the transmission of pathogenic species. However, little is known about the factors associated with the chances of infections and their spatial distribution at the local scale. Objective. To determine the frequency of Rickettsia Spotted Fever group (SFG) and Typhus group (TG) in dogs and rodents, their spatial distribution, and the factors associated with the Rickettsia infection at the local scale. Methods. DNA was obtained from 64 dog blood samples and 36 rodent spleens from 48 dwellings in Ucú, Yucatan, Mexico. Rickettsia was determined by multiplex semi-nested PCR (snPCR). The predictor variables for infection in dogs and rodents were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLM) (p<0.05). Results. SnPCR revealed Rickettsia in 28.1 % (18/64, 95 % CI 17.6 %-40.8 %) of the dogs and 27.8 % (10/36, 95 % CI 14.2 %-45.2 %) of the rodents. Rickettsia SFG was detected in dogs; rodents hosted both Rickettsia TG and SFG. According to the corresponding GLM, dogs living in the interior area of Ucú had a lower chance of infection by Rickettsia SFG (OR = 0.14) than those living in the other regions. The presence of opossums (Didelphis spp.) in dwelling premises increases the chances of Rickettsia TG infection in rodents (OR = 14), and the presence of SFG-infected dogs in dwelling premises increases the chances of Rickettsia SFG infection in rodents (OR = 21). Implications. The spatial distribution of Rickettsia hosts was assessed at Ucú. The specific Rickettsia species were not identified, nor were the probable vectors evaluated. While the results provide a local overview, they do not accurately represent the epidemiological conditions at other sites. The information is valuable and should be considered in developing prevention measures for Rickettsiosis. Conclusions. Statistical modelling revealed that the spatial location of the dwelling, the presence of infected dogs, and the presence of opossums in the same dwelling serve as proxies for the Rickettsia infection in the captured rodents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abigail Arroyo-Ramírez, César Lugo-Caballero, Enrique Reyes-Novelo, Marco Torres-Castro, Henry Noh-Pech, Alejandro Rafael Suárez-Galaz, Jesús Alonso Panti-May, Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas, Tana Osorio-Primo, Hugo Ruiz-Piña http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Propagation of Zamia furfuracea L.f. ex Aiton an endangered and endemic species of Veracruz, Mexico
Background: The cycad (Zamia furfuracea) belonging to the Zamiaceae family, is native to Mexico and is cultivated in arid regions. It is economically significant due to its high ornamental value. However, sexual reproduction is limited because the seeds are recalcitrant, exhibit slow germination, and have a long production period, resulting in a fragmented and reduced population. Objective: To develop an alternative approach for germinating Z. furfuracea plants using different substrates and applying the plant growth regulator gibberellin to establish a protocol for sexual propagation. Methodology: Z. furfuracea seeds were treated with eight different substrate combinations, with and without the application of gibberellin (GA₃): control with gibberellin (pine bark + perlite) (PIR), sand with gibberellin (ACR), gravel with gibberellin (GCR), peat moss + sand + perlite with gibberellin (PER), control without gibberellin (pine bark + perlite) (PISR), sand without gibberellin (ASR), gravel without gibberellin (GSR), and peat moss + sand + perlite without gibberellin (PESR). The following variables were evaluated: percentage de seed germination, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length, and overall plant length. Results: The use of the plant growth regulator gibberellin across different substrates promoted the germination of Z. furfuracea seeds by day 28. The gravel substrate combined with gibberellin yielded the best plant development, reaching a length of 40 cm at 11 months of cultivation. Implications: The choice of substrate should take into account aeration, drainage, and water retention to optimize the initial growth of plants. Conclusion: The application of substrates supplemented with gibberellin represents an efficient alternative to enhance the germination process, potentially allowing for the development of plants in greenhouse conditions before field transplantation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alejandro Salinas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of chitosan-potassium iodate nanocomposite on the growth of zucchini seedlings and fungistatic effect on Podosphaera xanthii
Background: Chitosan nanoparticles (NPsCS) and potassium iodate (KIO3) currently show biostimulation and bioprotection benefits in agricultural crops; however, there are few plant species and pathogens in which chitosan-iodate nanocomposite (NPsCS-KIO3) have been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate low concentrations of NPsCS-KIO3 dispersions in the growth of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) seedlings and the control of powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii). Methodology: Applications of serial dilutions of 10-1, 10-2, and 10-3 of the NPs-KIO3, NPsCS, and KIO3 treatments were carried out on the cotyledons of the seedlings under a completely randomized design. The results were processed with ANOVA and means tests were performed (Tukey, p = 0.05). Results: It was found that treatment with NPsCS-KIO3 at 10-1 (2.5 mg L-1) was the most effective in reducing the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and stimulated the formation of leaves with a statistical difference from day 34 after its application. Implications: The results of this work contribute to the evidence of the biostimulant effect of NPsCS-KIO3 in the foliar development of zucchini plants and in vivo fungistatic effect at low concentrations. Conclusion: The application of nanocomposite NPsCS-KIO3 at a concentration of 2.5 mg L-1 stimulates zucchini plant growth and promotes a fungistatic in vivo effect on P. xanthii compared to individual applications of NPsCS and KIO3.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazario Francisco-Francisco, Jorge Francisco León De la Rocha, Hortensia Ortega ORtiz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of animal behavior and processing time in handling chutes with closed and open design
Background. Handling chutes with curved and closed designs and chutes with open designs influence animal behavior and handling time in intensive bovine production systems. Objective. 716 animals were evaluated with sleeve behavior test (BT) Evaluate animal behavior and handling time in chute with closed design (CCD), and chute with open design (COD). Methodology. It was performed with five categories: non-aggressive (NA), slightly aggressive (SA)., moderately aggressive (MOA), aggressive (A), and very aggressive (VA); The handling time (HT) was counted as the time (seconds) elapsed by the animal from its entry to the press, the BT and HT data were analyzed with the Statistica v.10 statistical software, with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Result. A difference was found. Significant statistic (p ˂0.05), CCD gathered 12% in NA and SA compared to MOA, A and MA obtained 88%; In contrast, in COD it reached 49% in NA and SA and 51% for MOA, A and MA 51%, in HT all categories presented a significant statistical difference (p ˂0.05), CCD NA 45.32 (2.96) and, SA 50.32 (5.89), MOA 53.23 (5.13), A 60.45 (2.23) and MA 64.35 (1.93) in contrast to COD NA 25.45 (1.85), A 30.11 (0.44), LA 35.49 (2.56), A 39.11 (4.29) and MA 44.31 (5.24), it Implications. MPA has positive effects on animal behavior. Conclusions. There are significant statistical differences in the CM and TM in MPA, it is concluded that this type of chute facilitates the fluid movement of the animals, reducing their resistance and improving their cooperation with a lower level of reactivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Victor Torres, Carlos Pérez, Victor Severino, Adrián Gutierrez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of n-1-naphthylpthalamic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on root formation and the induction of new shoots in Agave spp.
Background. The Agave genus is of great importance due to its ancestral use as a source of various products, which highlights the need to ensure its propagation. To achieve this, it is essential to understand the development of apical meristems, key structures in the formation of plant architecture. Thus, 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) acts as an endogenous cytokinin, stimulating buds and lateral roots, while n-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) functions as an auxin inhibitor affecting its transport in different organs. This knowledge is crucial to understand how these plant growth regulators influence the development of agave plants. Objective. To evaluate the effect of n-1-naphthylphthalamic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on root formation and the induction of new shoots in Agave salmiana and A. angustifolia. Methodology. Seven treatments with different concentrations of NPA and 6-BAP were applied to two Agave species in acclimatization chambers and semi-hydroponic systems. Results. The results showed that Agave species responded variably in terms of root development. Furthermore, both NPA and 6-BAP, applied individually and in combination, were able to suppress apical dominance and stimulate the sprouting of new lateral buds. Implications. The findings of this research suggest the potential of these treatments as a method to improve multiplication rates and also provide an example of the interaction between auxins and cytokinins in the maintenance of meristems. Conclusions. The effect of NPA and 6-BAP treatments on root development was highly variable, while they were highly effective in the formation of new shoots.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amaury-M. Arzate Fernandez, Bebeto Garcia Rojas, Jesús Ignacio Reyes Díaz, Tomás Héctor Norman Mondragón http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of foliar application of stimulants on the growth, physiology and fruit yield of X'catik chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)]
Background. Stimulants act on the plant to improve its vigor, biomass, fruit yield, and quality. Objective. To evaluate the effect of the application of stimulants (Biozyme, Activol, and Grofol+Aminofit) on the vegetative development and yield of X'catik chili pepper under greenhouse conditions. Methodology. Stimulants were applied foliarly for four weeks in two independent experiments. Experiment one was conducted during vegetative development, and experiment two during the flowering stage. In experiment one, growth and physiological variables were evaluated, and in experiment two, the number of fruits, fruit weight, and yield were evaluated. Results. Activol increased stem height, and Grofol+Aminofit increased the number of leaves and plant dry weight. In fruit yield, plants treated with Activol had lower yields (1.55 kg total weight) than the control. The remaining treatments showed no differences from the control. Implication. The use of stimulants could be an option to improve the growth of X'catik chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Conclusion. Activol increased stem height but did not affect total fruit yield. Also, no distinct pattern of the effect of stimulants on plant physiology was observed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Lilia Ruiz Jiménez, Fátima del R. Yam-Herrera, Joaquín Sergio López-Vázquez, Juan Díaz-Mayo, Luis Latournerie-Moreno, Rene Garruña-Hernández http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungal filters additioned with silicon nanoparticles on the mortality of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Background: Tetranychus urticae is considered a very destructive pest, resistance has been documented due to poor management of agrochemicals, which has motivated interest in developing acaricides with alternative modes of action to mitigate this problem. Entomopathogen filtrates have insecticidal properties, deactivating several immune mechanisms that allow them to overcome and then kill the host. On the other hand, due to its shape, size and porosity, silica can act as an excellent nanocarrier for the administration of biopesticides. Objective: To evaluate the acaricidal activity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae filtrates alone and in combination with silicon nanoparticles for the control of T. urticae associated with rose crops. Methodology: The leaf immersion method was used, a mortality correction was made using the Henderson and Tilton formula, the results obtained were subjected to a Probit Analysis, to obtain the concentration-mortality response curve and thus obtain the LC50. Results: The Beauveria + Nps-Si treatment showed greater effectiveness in controlling T. urticae by presenting the lowest LC50, followed by Metarhizium + Nps-Si. Conclusions: The filtrate treatments of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae are effective in controlling T. urticae, but when combined with NPs-Si their effectiveness increases considerably.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisett Romero Pavón, Ernesto Cerna Chávez, Yisa María Ochoa Fuentes, Saúl Enrique Uribe Rivera http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ruminal fermentation and methane emissions of corn silage harvested at the R4 and R5 phenological stages
Background: Corn silage is widely used in ruminant feeding; however, the ruminal utilization depends on the physiological stage at which the ensiling process is carried out. Objective: To evaluate the effect of corn silage harvested at the R4 and R5 phenological stages on ruminal fermentation and methane emissions. Methodology: Temperature and pH analyses were performed, as well as evaluations of chemical composition, starch content, fermentation, ruminal degradation, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Results: Temperature and pH were not found to differ between treatments (P>0.05). However, differences were observed in chemical composition, with higher dry matter and organic matter content in T2, while T1 showed higher ash and neutral detergent fiber content (P<0.05). The reproductive stage of corn influenced starch concentration. In terms of fermentation, T2 had the highest maximum gas volume, while T1 showed a higher fermentation rate (P<0.05). Likewise, the rapid fermentation fraction was higher in T1, while the medium and slow fermentations were higher in T2. In vitro dry matter degradation, T1 obtained the highest values. The corn harvest stage affects GHG emissions, with T2 recording the highest values (P<0.05). Implications: The phenological stage of corn during ensiling impacts ruminal fermentation and GHG emissions. Conclusion: Ensiling corn at the R4 physiological stage achieves better ruminal degradation and efficiency, reducing GHG emissions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roselia Ramírez Díaz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0