ISSN: 1870-0462 ISSN-L: 1870-0462
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
The ciricote (Cordia dodecandra DC.): An invaluable tree of southwestern Mexico
Background. The ciricote (Cordia dodecandra DC.), known in Maya as k’oopte’, is a Mesoamerican deciduous tree of biocultural relevance in southeastern Mexico, particularly within agroforestry systems. The objective of this study was to systematize and analyze the available information on its systematics, ecology, and management, in order to identify the main advances in its study. Methodology. A systematic review was conducted using search engines and scientific databases, compiling 87 publications (scientific articles, theses, and historical documents) related to the species. These works were grouped into seven main thematic areas: taxonomy, climatic and edaphic factors associated with its distribution, reproductive biology, population ecology in managed systems, antagonistic and positive interactions, and domestication. Main findings. Cordia dodecandra belongs to the family Cordiaceae and has five taxonomic synonyms. Its distribution is concentrated in regions with a warm subhumid climate, primarily on karstic soils in the state of Yucatán, where it occurs in dry forest fragments, forest systems, and agroforestry plots. Its adaptation to challenging edaphic conditions gives it potential for reforestation programs. Interactions have been recorded with one herbivore, one frugivore, and several foliar pathogens identified through metagenomic studies. Additionally, the species maintains beneficial associations with hymenopterans and hummingbirds that use its flowers as a resource. The species exhibits distyly, which conditions fruit production, and shows low germination and recruitment rates in natural forests. In this context, agroforestry systems—particularly home gardens—act as germplasm reservoirs and play a key role in the species’ domestication process. Directed selection toward larger fruits and leaves has been observed, although biological interactions remain similar to those found in wild forests. Implications. This review highlights the diversity of research conducted on the ciricote, mainly in Yucatán, which contributes to a better understanding of its functioning and ecological dynamics in both natural vegetation fragments and managed systems of varying intensity. Conclusions. Research on the ecology and management of C. dodecandra in southeastern Mexico underscores the importance of its management, particularly within agroforestry systems in Yucatán, which now serve as key sites for the in-situ conservation of this valuable species.
Copyright (c) 2026 María Camila Hurtado Torres http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multidimensional sustainability assessment in a coffee production system
Background. Sustainability in coffee production is relevant because of its social and environmental impact. The fragility of profitability, together with the need for responsible practices that consider social and environmental well-being, demands a comprehensive analysis of the issue. Objective. To evaluate the sustainability of certified coffee production and propose strategies to accredit compliance with the required indicators, considering the characteristics of small-scale coffee production in Mexico. Methodology. Work was carried out with coffee growers in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, through MESMIS; the certifications provided evidence of compliance with environmental and social sustainability; while for economic sustainability the cash flow generated was considered and compared with the requirements to overcome the family poverty line. Results. The production system studied, with four certifications, shows evidence of compliance with all the environmental and social sustainability indicators of the MESMIS. However, this framework does not consider important factors such as migration and the absence of generational renewal. Economic sustainability is met, although it is fragile due to price volatility and yield variability. Compliance with economic sustainability also depends on the size of the family and the existence of other family income. Implication. Shade-grown coffee, which has organic production and fair market certificates, is environmentally and socially sustainable with the MESMIS criteria; it is also economically sustainable with the current price and yield conditions, but due to the instability of the market it needs to be complemented with other sources of income, to be more robust. Conclusion. Although certified shade-grown coffee farming reflects environmental and social sustainability, economic sustainability remains fragile; therefore, it is a priority to strengthen it and promote the permanence of younger generations in the activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iván Jair Gonzáles-Valencia, Leticia Myriam Sagarnaga Villegas, Vinicio Horacio Santoyo Cortes, Julio Diaz José http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production potential of seven forage hybrids of Urochloa under sun and tree shade
Background: Ruminant diets in tropical areas are primarily based on native grasses. However, in some regions, low rainfall, high temperatures, and certain soil physicochemical characteristics interfere with pasture production, affecting yield, nutrient quality, and digestibility. In recent years, hybrid grasses have led to improved forage yields of high-quality nutrients year-round, improving pasture utilization for livestock production. Objective: To evaluate the productive potential of seven hybrids of the genus Urochloa established under sun and tree shade conditions at three cutting ages and three climatic conditions. Methodology: The study was conducted at the Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical (CEIEGT-Tlapacoyan, Veracruz), where the following grasses were evaluated: Cobra, Cayman, Mulato II, Camello, GP 1435, GP 1467, and Mestizo Blend during the rainy, northern, and dry seasons. Cutoff frequency was measured 28, 35, and 42 days post-sowing. Dry matter (DM) production and its nutritional quality were estimated. Results: The highest dry weight production per clump was obtained under sunny conditions, with a 36% lower dry weight in shade. Production under both conditions increased at 42 days, with a greater increase in leaf production under shade. Independently of the condition, the highest production in the dry season was obtained from Cobra, in the rainy season from Mestizo Blend, and in the north, production was similar in all species except for GP 1467, where it was lower. For the season by age interaction, an increase in production was observed as the days passed, with a 50% higher production at 42 days compared to 28 days; however, at 35 and 42 days, no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Implications: This study contributes to a better understanding of the development of hybrid grasses and is considered useful for improving the use of tree shade systems. Conclusions: It is concluded that dry matter production in Urochloa hybrids is influenced by light conditions (sun/shade), cutting age, and season. It is noteworthy that in this study, shade reduces production, and that, in general, production increases with age. These results highlight the importance of considering the environment and cutting management to optimize forage yield.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melissa Lazarin Flores, Juan Manuel Pinos Rodríguez, Jorge Genaro Vicente Martínez, Epigmenio Castillo Gallegos, Miguel Angel Alonso Díaz, Jesús Jarillo Rodríguez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nesting of resident avifauna in a fragment of xerophilous scrubland in Tamaulipas, Mexico
Background. The reproductive biology of birds allows to document their importance in the environment by different events such as habitat selection for nesting, reproductive strategies, and association with vegetation. However, different types of natural ecosystems have been increasingly affected by land use change and deforestation, and with them, important nesting areas have been lost. Objective. To determine the composition of resident species and nesting in a fragment of xerophytic scrubland in Tula, Tamaulipas, and its relationship with biotic and abiotic variables. Methodology. The monitoring of birds was carried out during the breeding period from January to August 2024, for the observation and location of nesting birds direct visual method were performed to identify the behaviors. Each identified nest was monitored continuously, recording the abiotic variables and the plant species associated with the reproductive process. Results. A total of 1673 birds were recorded, belonging to 12 orders, 25 families and 59 species. A total of 71 nests were identified, corresponding to 8 nesting species in the xerophytic scrub. Implications. The ecological information obtained in this research allows us to know the importance of how the avifauna is related to the xerophytic scrub and in the perspective of conservation of this ecosystem. Conclusions. Nesting sites provided by the dominant vegetation represented by Celtis palida, Acacia amentacea, Cylindropuntia imbricata, Yucca carnerosana, Yucca filifera.
Copyright (c) 2026 Santiago Niño-Maldonado http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production modules in rural teacher training schools, community links and rural development
Background: Rural teacher training schools (ENR) emerged in 1922, with their own curricula that, at the time, required the training of teachers with the knowledge to increase literacy among the population and contribute to rural community development by including agricultural training in their curriculum, however, in 1940, the process of harmonizing their curriculum with that of urban teacher training colleges began. Objective: To contribute to the understanding of how ENR students leverage production modules to generate community engagement with rural development. Methodology: Because there is no prior experience on the topic, this research was of a mixed nature: exploratory in its quantitative aspect and ethnographic in its qualitative aspect. It was conducted at the ENR in Mactumactzá, Chiapas, and Tiripetio, Michoacán. Questionnaires were administered to students to determine their opinions regarding their training in the production modules and how they relate to them in their communities. In both institutions a sample of students (n) of 228 for Tiripetio and 233 for Mactumactzá was obtained, the degree of confidence of the sample was 0.95 (NC = 0.95), and a sampling error of 0.05 (e = 0.05). Results: 91% of the students in the ENR, take advantage of their knowledge of the production modules to connect with the communities, with projects for livestock raising, planting vegetables and fruit trees. Implications: The students of the two ENR propose the creation of production modules in their communities to contribute to rural development, through the production of products for self-consumption and some techniques for food preservation. Conclusion: The ENRs are teacher training institutions that can promote community spaces, the production modules are projects that contribute to the rural development of communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rocío Ángeles Atriano Mendieta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entomotourism potential for butterfly watching in Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico
Background. Entomotourism represents a form of tourism diversification that involves recreational activities focused on insect watching, including activities in both natural environments and controlled conditions. In regions with high biological biodiversity, butterflies represent a resource that can contribute to the generation of complementary income for communities. Evaluating the potential of entomotourism is essential to determine the viability of its implementation as an economic development alternative. Objective. The objective was to evaluate the potential of entomotourism for butterfly watching as a tourism product in Atoyac, Veracruz. Methodology. The potential of entomotourism in Atoyac, Veracruz, was evaluated using the Multicriteria Evaluation technique, considering both the natural resources and the infrastructure of the municipality. The process included the participation of government representatives, service providers, and community stakeholders. Results. It was found that the best represented resources were mountain formations, ravines, gullies, caves, forests, as well as natural observation areas. In addition to a high level of availability of basic services, with an overall compliance rate of 86% of the possible total, there is a 58% deficit in infrastructure and services, which indicates priority areas for improvement and development. The tourism inventory of the area and tourism service providers was updated, and a suitable route for butterfly watching was delineated, highlighting the Morpho helenor species. Finally, training workshops were held for the local population to promote practices related to butterfly watching, breeding, and artisanal use. Implications. The evaluation of infrastructure and service resources reveals limited coverage, characterized by the absence or incipient development of key elements, which represents a significant barrier to the strengthening and consolidation of tourism in the region. Conclusion. Based on the above, it is concluded that Atoyac presents favorable conditions for the development of entomotourism, and it is proposed that it can be integrated as a component within the tourism offering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivette Pérez-Hernández, Isis Raquel Delgado-Tejeda, Jose Lopez-Collado, Diego Esteban Platas-Rosado, Salvador Partida-Sedas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Variations of structural niche, floristic sources and density of Tetragonisca angustula Latreille 1811 (Apinae, Meliponini) in the dry forest of Huallaga, peruvian Amazon
Background: Tetragonisca angustula is a highly adaptable stingless bee in anthropic landscapes, but there are few studies on its trophic relationships and ethology in the Amazon. Hypothesis and objective: Unlike other stingless bees, whose nesting density is regulated by territoriality and the availability of food resources, it is inferred that the nest density of T. angustula is limited by the availability of nesting spaces. To demonstrate it, the trophic-structural niche variations of T. angustula colonies were compared in the Seasonal Dry Forest of the Central Huallaga region, Peruvian Amazon. Methodology: Between 2019 and 2023, nests of this species were studied in an agroforestry landscape dominated by remnant secondary forest (N) and an urban community (U). The ecological niche amplitude Bi was estimated from data of nesting frequency by substrate B1 (rock crevices, trees, concrete, dry mud, plastic, pottery, wooden boxes, ground) and nest distance above or below ground level B2. Structural niche overlapping Oij was calculated, as well as nest density and foraging range. Flowering patterns of plants visited by the species and changes in the vegetation landscape were assessed. Results: Of 23 nests, 30% were found in the field and the remaining 70% in the urban area. Structural nest niche by substrate type and height above ground level showed a greater amplitude in urban (BU1=0.62 and BU2=0.59, respectively) compared to natural landscapes (BN1=0.17 and BN2=0.33) with overlaps OUN1= 0.00 and OUN2=0.83. A higher density and clustering of nests was found in the urban area. Of the 59 morphospecies of bee flora, 48% were trees and 52% shrubs, climbers and herbs; 80% native and 20% exotic, and 80% wild and 20% cultivated, ensuring a floristic supply throughout the year. Implications: A new ecological basis for the recovery of landscapes and productive strategies for T. angustula are provided. Conclusion: Limiting nesting space is the main factor determining T. angustula density.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Ushiñahua, Marilena Marconi, Edbar García, Javier Ormeño-Luna, Orlando Ríos, José Macedo, Carlos Daniel Vecco Giove http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of two coffee management systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico
Background: Mexico has a long coffee-growing tradition, where many producers combine traditional systems with commercial ones aimed at maximizing the harvest. This duality raises questions about the balance between economic profitability and environmental conservation, particularly in regions such as Veracruz, where coffee is a flagship crop. Objective: To assess the effect of two coffee agroecosystems on some ecological, productive, and economic aspects in the town of Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology: The study was conducted at Los Fresnos farm in Huatusco, Veracruz. Vegetation was evaluated by identifying species and calculating cover and diversity (Shannon index). Soil macrofauna was quantified and classified by abundance and richness. Coffee yield was compared, and the economic efficiency of each agroecosystem was determined, considering associated crops in the commercial system. Results: The traditional system presented greater plant diversity, with 15 tree species and 6 herbaceous species, higher shade cover (75% vs. 56.4%), and a higher Shannon index (H'=1.80 vs. 0.80). The soil macrofauna was also more abundant in this system (34 individuals, 5 orders), mainly earthworms (16) and ants (12), while no soil organisms were recorded in the commercial system. Coffee yield was higher in the traditional system (376 kg of cherries and 324 kg of parchment) than in the commercial system (80 kg of cherries and 280 kg of parchment). However, the commercial system showed greater profitability (B/C=13.38 vs. 1.08), with annual earnings of $24,410.20, thanks to the sale of complementary crops such as lemon and sunflower. Implication: The sustainability of coffee agroecosystems can be enhanced by integrating the positive elements of traditional and commercial systems, combining biodiversity and economic efficiency. Conclusion: Traditional coffee systems endorse species diversity, soil fauna, and higher yields of the main crop. The commercial system, although less ecologically favorable, increases profitability through alternative crops. The results highlight the need for hybrid management strategies that combine ecological stability and economic advantages, promoting resilient agroecosystems that contribute to biodiversity conservation and producer well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yolai Noda Leyva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of grafting technique in three genotypes of Cedrela odorata L.
Background. Grafting is an effective propagation technique for cloning trees with superior characteristics. Objective. To evaluate the effect of grafting technique and genotype on graft success of Cedrela odorata L. Methodology. C. odorata grafts were made using a randomized block design with factorial arrangement. Two grafting techniques (T-side-scion and T-budding) and three genotypes selected from a provenance test (CR-1, CR-2 and CR-3) were tested. At two months, graft success (%) was evaluated. Results. The analysis detected differences in graft success due to both factors (p ≤ 0.05). T-side-scion grafting was 28.3 % more successful than T-budding grafting and clones CR-3, CR-1 and CR-2 showed differences in graft success with 52.5, 40 and 25 %, respectively. Implications. The results suggest that C. odorata trees can be cloned by T-side-scion and T-budding grafting, but it is necessary to test other techniques that increase the percentage of graft success. Conclusions. T-side-scion grafting favors graft success in C. odorata, compared to the T-budding graft. Grafting success varies depending on the genotype of scion used.
Copyright (c) 2026 Esther Paredes Díaz, Benito González Jiménez, Norberto Silva Pérez, Rony Yair Maldonado Fuentes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response to the inclusion of rye-triticale silage for cows in small-scale dairy systems
Background: The conservation of alternative forages as silage for times of scarcity and its use in feeding strategies for cows in small-scale dairy systems are an adaptation option to adverse climatic conditions as reduced rainfall. Small-grain cereals, given their short agronomic cycle, have a lower water demand, and the association of different cereal species may have complementary responses. Objective: Analyze the productive response of dairy cows in small-scale dairy systems to the inclusion of rye-triticale silage as complement to maize silage. Methodology: Evaluating the inclusion of rye-triticale silage (ECT) with maize silage (EMz) in three treatments T0= 100% EMz, T15= 85% EMz/15% ECT, and T30%= 70% EMz/30% ECT. Cows were offered 3.5 kg DM/cow/day of commercial concentrate, whole maize stover, ground stover, and alfalfa hay, with silage treatments to complete estimated dry matter intake. Response variables were milk yield and milk fat and protein content, live weight and body condition score; in a 3x3 Latin Square design replicated three times, with nine cows in 14-day experimental periods. Results: There were no significant (P>0.05) differences for the response variables. Implications: This work proposes the implementation of rye-triticale through the practice of ensilage, an alternative to corn as a forage base. Conclusions: Rye-triticale silage may complement maize silage in the studied proportions in the feeding strategies of cows in small-scale dairy systems with similar results in milk yields and animal performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aurora Sainz Ramírez, María Danaee Celis-Alvarez, Zeida Medina-Gómez, Felipe López-González, Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and identification of mycorrhizal fungi that promote germination and initial development of Epidendrum radicans Pav. ex Lindl
Background. Seeds of the Orchidaceae family lack an endosperm with sufficient reserves to meet the carbon demands required during germination and the pre-autotrophic developmental stage. This limitation is compensated through symbiotic relationships with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). The roots of adult orchids also establish symbiotic relationships with OMF, some of which can extend their hyphae to colonize new seeds. Epidendrum radicans is a hemiepiphytic lithophytic, or terrestrial orchid native to Mexico, widely used as an ornamental species; and its fruits produce thousands of seeds. Objective. To isolate fungi that promote germination and early development of E. radicans, using roots from adult plants as the source. Methodology. The presence of OMF structures in E. radicans roots was verified using trypan blue staining. An in vitro co-culture system was designed to induce germination by pairing seeds and OMF-colonized roots. Hyphae associated with germinated orchids were isolated and cultured. One representative isolate from each identified genus was selected and evaluated for its colonization capacity and ability to promote germination, using stained protocorms obtained from co-culture. Results. Sixteen isolates were obtained and morphologically characterized, belonging to the genera Fusarium (14), Rhizoctonia (1), and Ceratobasidium (1). The selected Fusarium sp. isolate did not promote seed germination. In contrast, Ceratobasidium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. facilitated both germination and early plant development. The number of leaf-bearing plantlets generated by Ceratobasidium sp. was 5.7 times higher than that obtained with Rhizoctonia sp. Seedlings and protocorms germinated in co-culture with both genera exhibited characteristic orchid mycorrhizal colonization structures. Implications. The co-culture protocols used for isolating germination-promoting OMF, along with the modified staining protocol for roots and protocorms, offer valuable tools for enhancing sexual propagation of orchids in breeding programs or conservation efforts targeting species at risk of genetic erosion. Conclusion: The co-culture protocol developed in this study enabled the isolation of two OMF species capable of promoting germination and early development of E. radicans.
Copyright (c) 2026 Froylán Navarro-Álvarez, Isaac Alejandro Salmeron-Santiago, Pedro Antonio López, José Luciano Morales-García, Martha Elena Pedraza-Santos, Ana Tztzqui Chávez-Bárcenas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutritional composition and in vitro fermentation of avocado fruit fractions from different varieties
Background: The rising feed shortages in livestock production have increased interest in exploring alternative resources. Avocado by-products, often discarded, may serve as a nutrient-rich and sustainable feed option for ruminants. Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition, mineral content, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and in vitro gas production of morphological fractions of ripe fruits from seven avocado varieties (Bacon, Ettinger, Fuerte, Hass, Local, Nabal, and Pinkerton) grown in the Wondo Genet district, Sidama region, Ethiopia. Methodology: Chemical analyses were conducted using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, and mineral analyses were conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, while in vitro gas production was measured following the Menke and Steingass protocol using sheep rumen fluid. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Proc Mixed procedure in SAS software (version 9.4). Results: The results revealed significant effects (P < 0.0001) of variety and morphological fraction on all measured parameters. The Nabal variety had the highest fruit, pulp, seed, and peel weights. Seeds showed the highest dry matter and in vitro dry matter digestibility, while pulp fraction had the highest ether extract and crude protein contents. Pinkerton and local varieties had the highest protein content, whereas coat was richest in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Peel fractions exhibited high ADL. The highest calcium content was found in the Fuerte variety and coat fraction, while the Pinkerton variety and pulp fraction had the highest phosphorus content. Significant differences were also observed in gas production kinetics, metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Local variety and seed fraction exhibited the highest IVDMD and SCFA, while pulp fraction had the highest ME contents. Implications: Avocado fruit by-products, especially pulp and seed, can serve as alternative ruminant feed resources, supporting sustainable livestock production and reducing agro-industrial waste; however, appropriate processing and preservation strategies are required to overcome limitations associated with long-term storage. Conclusion: Avocado fruit waste has high crude protein, ether extract, digestibility, and energy values, with significant variation across varieties and fractions, indicating their nutritional potential in ruminant feeding when suitable storage and handling practices are applied.
Copyright (c) 2026 Selamawit Terefe, Ajebu Nurfeta, Adugna Tolera http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of natural zeolite on the growth, productive performance and serum parameters of pigs
Background: In recent years, intensive animal production has negatively contributed to environmental pollution, primarily through substantial emissions of greenhouse gases. Objective: To determine the effect of including 0, 3, and 6 % clinoptilolite zeolite in the diet on productive performance, blood parameters, and nitrogen reduction in the feces of pigs. Methodology: The trial was conducted using a completely randomized block design with three treatments (0, 3, and 6 % zeolite in the diet, respectively) and three replicates per treatment. The experimental unit was the pen containing six animals (three castrated males and three females), resulting in nine pens (3 blocks × 3 replicates) with a total of 54 pigs. Blocks were formed to group animals with homogeneous initial conditions (initial body weight (BW), age, and physical location). The experiment was carried out in three production phases: starter (11 ± 2 kg BW), grower (30 ± 2 kg BW), and finisher (60 ± 2 kg BW), concluding with final weights of 95.0 ± 5.0 kg. The study lasted 116 days, plus 15 days for adaptation to handling and diet. Diets differed in crude protein content according to each production stage. Results: No effects were observed on productive performance variables; however, clinoptilolite zeolite (ZC) affected blood concentrations of total proteins (p ≤ 0.01) and urea (p ≤ 0.01) during the grower and finisher phases. Additionally, fecal N concentration decreased in all production stages. Implications: ZC can improve protein metabolism and reduce nitrogen excretion without compromising productivity, providing environmental benefits. Conclusions: The inclusion of 3 and 6 % ZC did not influence the productive performance of the animals in any of the three evaluated phases. Nevertheless, its supplementation increased blood total protein concentration during the grower stage and reduced urea levels during the finisher phase. Moreover, ZC supplementation significantly decreased fecal nitrogen content across all production stages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Froylan Rosales Martínez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Typification of livestock production units based on the management and use of available feed inputs in dual-purpose systems
Background: The southern part of the State of Mexico is known for its livestock farming and milk production. However, a key issue in these areas is livestock feed, which represents the highest production cost, and seasonal forage production. In this regard, the relevance of using feeding strategies is determined by agroclimatic conditions. Objective: To typify dual-purpose (DP) livestock production units based on management practices and the use of available feed inputs. The study was conducted in four municipalities in the southern part of the state of Mexico, based on the monitoring of 213 production units (PU). Methodology: The information was analyzed using multivariate statistics: a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to standardize the information and a Cluster Analysis (CA) to classify the PUs. Results: The PCA yielded a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sample adequacy measure of 0.608, with a Bartlett chi-square test of 1367.419 (P<0.05) and four components that explained 74.23% of the total variance of the model. The CA yielded four groups defined as: supplements for cows (G1SC), semi-intensive (G2SI), supplements for fattening (G3SF) and traditional (G4T). G1SC was the smallest group with the largest herds and extensive areas. G2SI grouped the largest number of PUs and was characterized by cattle being fed in stables for most of the year. G3SF consisted of PUs with medium-sized areas and herds, which fatten animals. G4T was characterized by PUs with small herds and reduced areas where cattle graze all year round. Implications: Agroclimatic conditions and topography play a significant role in seasonality and forage production, as well as in producers' decisions regarding the inputs used to feed livestock, which is reflected in the orientation of livestock production. Conclusion: The typology obtained is fundamental for planning feeding strategies, depending on the time of year and the inputs available in the UPs, which may vary according to the management system.
Copyright (c) 2026 CYNTHIA ANGÉLICA AGUÍRRE SÁNCHEZ, ANASTACIO GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ, BENITO ALBARRÁN PORTILLO, SHEREZADA ESPARZA JIMÉNEZ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preliminary evaluation of ruminal degradation kinetics of diets containing Bursera simaruba foliage flour
Background. The search for alternative forage sources has become increasingly important due to seasonal feed scarcity and the need for sustainable livestock production systems. Bursera simaruba (Sarg.) represents a promising native forage species with potential nutritional value for ruminants, but its ruminal degradation characteristics remain poorly understood. Objective. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the ruminal degradation of diets with different inclusion levels of Bursera simaruba foliage flour in cattle. Methodology. Three rumen-cannulated cows (380 ± 10 kg live weight) were used to evaluate four treatments: Bs0) control diet without inclusion; Bs15) diet with 15% inclusion; Bs30) diet with 30% inclusion; and Bs45) diet with 45% inclusion. B. simaruba foliage with 90 days of regrowth was used. Ruminal degradability was evaluated using the nylon bag technique incubated at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Data were fitted with the equation p = a + b (1- Exp(-ct)). Results. The rapidly soluble fraction (a) of dry matter and crude protein was higher in Bs15 (p < 0.05). The effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein at a passage rate of 0.02 h-1 was similar between Bs0 and Bs15 (p > 0.05), both being higher than Bs30 and Bs45. Implications. The 15% inclusion level of B. simaruba maintained ruminal degradation parameters similar to the control diet, suggesting potential applicability in tropical cattle feeding systems. However, this preliminary study has significant methodological limitations including confounding effects between B. simaruba inclusion and forage:concentrate ratios that limit definitive conclusions. Conclusion. The findings suggest that moderate inclusion (15%) of B. simaruba might maintain ruminal degradation parameters similar to a control diet, but additional studies with more robust experimental designs are needed to validate these results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Rodolfo Canul Solis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization of family production systems for blue corn and berries in the Sierra Nevada of Puebla, Mexico
Background: In the Sierra Nevada de Puebla, Mexico, indigenous farmers have developed resilient family farming systems with local, healthy, and specialty crops that operate under adverse conditions yet maintain biocultural, socioeconomic, and ecological relevance as expressions of Localized Agri-Food Systems (LAFS). Objective: To characterize blue corn and berry production systems in three locations using the LAFS theoretical framework, identifying farmer profiles, production practices, and collaborations to generate knowledge that strengthens public policies aimed at food sovereignty and territorial development. Methodology: A survey and simple random sampling technique were used to administer questionnaires to 221 farmers in San Mateo Ozolco, San Miguel Tianguizolco, and San Diego Buenavista in 2023-2024. Sociodemographic, technical-productive, environmental, cultural, and commercial variables were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Spearman's correlations to identify differences and relationships among them. Results: The blue corn and berry production systems were characterized. They present limitations in financing, technical assistance, and organization; however, they exhibit territorial multifunctionality (bioculturality, social inclusion, local economy, environmental conservation, and food security), determined by sociodemographic factors (gender, age, education, native language), organizational factors (community cohesion, financing), and labor factors (type and labor force), that also influence the productivity and resilience of the systems. Implications: The invisibility of these systems limits progress toward a fair, resilient, and socially inclusive agri-food model. Conclusions: These systems constitute differentiated SIALs that require strengthening through territorialized public policies and the articulation of local knowledge with theoretical frameworks that guarantee their sustainability and resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reyna Concepcion Xochipa-Morante, José Luis Carmona-Silva, Jose Roberto Xochipa-Morante, Andrés Pérez-Magaña, Juan Alberto Paredes-Sánchez, Luciano Aguirre-Álvarez, Huberth Vargas-Picado, Antonio Macías-López http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity for testa seed color among sesame populations, collected in Central and Northwestern Mexico
Background: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an oilseed with demand for direct and industrial consumption due to its nutritional value and phytochemical components. The color of the coat appears to be related to the seed biochemical properties, antioxidant activity and biological properties. Objective: To identify and generate knowledge on seed coat color variability in sesame accessions from central and northwestern Mexico. Methodology: 73 sesame populations were collected in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Michoacán, Guerrero, Sinaloa and Sonora. Color parameters L*, a*, and b* were recorded through readings in a Hunter-Lab miniScan XEPLUS colorimeter. The tone (hue) was calculated by means of arctan expression (b*/a*) and chroma as: [(a*)2 + (b*)2]1/2. Readings were taken in triplicate on a 10-g seed sample. The data were processed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal components (PCA) and hierarchical clusters. Results: Low coefficients of variation were found in the parameters of the HunterLab scale, 0.64, 1.85, 0.91, 0.97 and 1.06% for L*, a*, b*, chroma and hue, respectively, indicating that the color information of the seed coat is consistent, allowing to identify groups of populations by color as follows: 5 light color populations, 37 cream color, 23 brown and 8 dark color. The PCA, based on L*, hue and chroma, indicated that the first PC explains 95% of the total variation among populations, and the cluster analysis allowed differentiation among non-dark coat populations. Implications: Complete chemical and proximal determinations are required with special interest in black sesame due to its nutraceutical quality. Conclusions: Producers preserve genetic diversity by cultivating different local genotypes based mainly on yield and grain color diversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Serafin Cruz Izquierdo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beneficial insects in maize crops: response to the use of biotrational insecticides for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda
Background: the use of pesticides has had a negative impact on the environment and human health. This is why sustainable alternatives, such as biorational insecticides, are being promoted. However, several studies have reported sublethal effects on beneficial insects, highlighting the need for further research. Objective: to evaluate the effects of biorational insecticides on damage caused by S. frugiperda and beneficial insect communities in corn crops. Methods: an experimental plot of hybrid corn (variety Sorent) was established in an agricultural area of the Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Conkal from June to August 2021. Two biorational treatments (Spinetoram and Novaluron) and one control were applied. Insects were collected using sweep nets, forceps, and aspirators, identified to the family level, and classified into functional groups. To analyze the composition of beneficial insects, Whittaker plots were constructed, and a Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to assess differences in composition and abundance among treatments. In addition, damage and parasitism rates in Spodoptera frugiperda were evaluated, and the presence of pesticides in beneficial insects was also assessed. Results: a total of 639 beneficial insects were collected from the maize crop, including 491 predators, 85 decomposers, 43 parasitoids and 20 pollinators. There were no significant differences in the number of beneficial insects in each treatment group. S. frugiperda caused visible damage to the plants, but again, there were no significant differences between the treatments. The percentage of parasitoidism obtained with the Braconidae and Tachinidae families was 13.15%. Pesticides, including insecticides such as HCH and DDT, and the herbicide glyphosate, were present in the crop. Implications: the results indicate that biorational insecticides can be integrated into pest management programs without significantly affecting beneficial insects. Conclusion: it is crucial to evaluate the long-term effects of using these products on biodiversity and the health of agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alejandra Gonzalez-Moreno http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0