ISSN: 1870-0462 ISSN-L: 1870-0462
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A bibliometric review of edible Jatropha curcas L.: Current status, trends, and emerging perspectives
Background: This study presents an analysis of the scientific literature on Jatropha curcas L. for food purposes, emphasizing its revaluation as an underutilized genetic resource and highlighting knowledge gaps to guide innovation with a territorial approach. Objective: To analyze the scientific production on edible genotypes of J. curcas L. and the factors associated with their nutritional quality and safety. Methodology: Records were retrieved from Scopus® for 1998–2026 using the search string (“Jatropha curcas L” OR “Jatropha curcas” OR “Jatropha curcas L.”) AND food AND edible. After manual screening, a descriptive network analysis was conducted using VOSviewer®, SciMAT, and Scimago Graphica. To examine the non-toxic variant in greater depth, a manually verified subset (n=42) was constructed, including documents that explicitly demonstrate food use. Results: Total production included 518 documents, with marked growth since 2008 and a significant increase in 2021 (2026 data are partial). The leading countries in scientific production are India, Brazil, and Malaysia, with a notable contribution from Mexico. The main subject areas are Agricultural and Biological Sciences (26%), Energy (14.7%), and Environmental Science (14.3%). Implications: Agro-food consolidation requires rigorous differentiation of non-toxic germplasm and stronger evidence on nutrition and safety to support scaling decisions. Conclusions: The use of a verified subset made it possible to delimit an expanding field that still presents gaps in conceptual standardization. Critical perspectives were identified for territorially relevant innovation that contributes to food security and food sovereignty.
Copyright (c) 2026 ELIZABETH ARGUELLO GARCIA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of entomopathogenic fungi used in biological pest control on stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini): A systematics review
Background: Chemical pest control has proven effective but has also caused negative impacts on beneficial organisms such as bees. In recent years, there has been growing interest in developing safer biological control alternatives that support biodiversity conservation. Among these, entomopathogenic fungi (EF) have shown promise in pest management. However, their potential non-target effects on stingless bees—a group of ecologically, economically, and culturally important pollinators—remain underexplored. Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the effects of EF-based biopesticides used in biological control on stingless bees. Methodology: Following the PRISMA guidelines, four key questions were addressed regarding the bee and fungal species evaluated, experimental conditions, and reported effects. Literature searches were conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: Out of 26 initial records, eight studies published between 2014 and 2024 met the inclusion criteria. These were conducted in Kenya, Brazil, and one in Mexico. A total of nine stingless bee species and three EF species were documented. Most bioassays were performed under laboratory conditions, with some in semi-field and field environments. Reported effects included increased mortality and behavioral alterations in bees. Implications: It is necessary to expand research to include the evaluation of whole bee colonies and their behavior. It is also important to assess the specific effects of commercial products on native bee species in the areas where the fungi will be applied, as there is significant variability in how different stingless bee species respond. Conclusion: Despite being the most diverse group of social bees in tropical and subtropical regions, stingless bees have received limited attention regarding the potential risks posed by entomopathogenic fungi used in biological control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadia Nayeli Ramos Rosas, Beatríz del Socorro Bolívar Cimé, Daniel Arturo Rodríguez Lagunes, Miguel Ángel García Martínez, Sherell Zamora Juárez, Gabriela Iraís Salazar Rivera, Ángel Bravo Vinaja http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental impact of oil palm cultivation (Elaeis guineensis): bibliometric analysis
Background. Oil palm (Elaeis guinensis) has generated an adverse environmental impact in the regions where it is cultivated. A bibliometric analysis of the importance and effects of this crop has not been conducted in recent decades, despite exponential growth in planted area. Objective. To analyze the global problems associated with oil palm from an interdisciplinary perspective over the last 40 years, supported by a conceptual review of recent bibliographic trends, from the perspective of environmental sustainability. Methodology. Scopus was selected as the academic database for the information search due to its broad coverage in most fields of knowledge, ease of access, data visualization and download, and its conceptual bibliometric approach. Results and discussion. A total of 1,013 studies indexed in Scopus were identified as a result of the systematic search on the environmental impact of oil palm; 7 were published between 1985 and 2005, and 1,004 documents were found between 2006 and 2025. From 2003 onwards, the publication of documents increased due to a paradigm shift in environmental research, deforestation in Southeast Asia, and the ecological impact of oil palm cultivation. From 2016 to 2025, there was a significant surge in studies related to the impact of this crop, influenced by international environmental regulations, biodiversity loss, and deforestation worldwide. International scientific journals from countries such as the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, and Italy are the most productive in publishing on the environmental impact of oil palm. Therefore, Mexico has an opportunity to increase its research efforts given the current importance of the area planted with oil palm and its ecological impact. Implications: Bibliometric analysis of oil palm could be a methodological tool in the development of environmental and agricultural policies for the oil palm agroecosystem and associated crops, considering the adverse effects it has had in other countries. Conclusion: This study documented the evolution of scientific research on oil palm over the last four decades and identified research trends to inform decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismael Espinosa Palomeque, Juana Cruz Morales, Ezequiel Arvizu Barrón, Bernardo Espinosa Palomeque http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainability assessment of the persian lime (Citrus latifolia) agroecosystem at the community scale: A retrospective approach
Background. Sustainability assessments in agroecosystems generally focus on comparing a conventional production system with an alternative one, thereby yielding limited information about the agroecosystem's evolutionary sustainability. Objective. To evaluate the development process of the Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) agroecosystem in terms of economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Methodology. The Framework for the Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Systems Incorporating Sustainability Indicators (MESMIS) was applied to assess the sustainability of the lime agroecosystem at the community level in Insurgentes Socialistas, Papantla, Veracruz. Results. Economic sustainability improved through a significant increase in the mean annual lime yield (from 11.8 to 14.4 t ha⁻¹) and in the benefit–cost ratio per hectare (from 2.8 to 3.0). About the social sustainability, all producers in both periods implemented changes or modifications in their orchards. The area under citrus cultivation expanded markedly (from 175.4 to 740.5 ha). However, in terms of economic sustainability, the average number of complementary crops supporting household income decreased significantly (from 3.1 to 2.0). Likewise, in the social dimension, self-management declined by 27.5% in the proportion of individuals who belong to an organization. Regarding environmental issues, the mean number of associated crops in orchards decreased (from 2.6 to 0.8), while the mean number of pests and diseases increased significantly (from 6.2 to 7.6). Implications. Indicators deviating from the optimal level of sustainability might compromise the long-term sustainability of lime agroecosystems. Conclusions. Over time, economic indicators of the Persian lime agroecosystem from the community of Insurgentes Socialistas in Papantla, Veracruz improved, whereas certain social and environmental indicators weakened.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oscar Perez-Garcia, Mario Gómez-Peralta, Gildardo Bautista-Hernández, Marja Fajardo-Franco http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution of Agave species used for distilled and non-distilled beverage in Queretaro, Mexico
Background. Agaves (genus Agave) represent a significant component of Mexico’s biocultural heritage, with over 40 documented specific uses across 22 use categories. These include food, distilled and fermented beverages, traditional medicine (human and veterinary), construction materials, living fences, soil retention, and ornamental applications. The use of agaves for beverage production, such as aguamiel and pulque, dates back to pre-Hispanic times. The state of Queretaro lies within one of the country’s most active regions for pulque agave cultivation. Objectives. (1) identify the regions of Agave production for mezcal and pulque in Queretaro; (2) determine the species and varieties of Agave used for these purposes; and (3) document the cultivation systems involved. Methodology. Fieldwork was conducted in 17 of the 18 municipalities of Queretaro during 2022. A total of 105 sites were surveyed to collect data on geographical location, Agave species utilized, and associated cultivation systems. Results. Based on Agave use and distribution, Queretaro was categorized into three main zones: (1) the “mezcal zone” in the Sierra Madre Oriental region; (2) the “pulque zone” covering the southern and central areas, the largest in extent; and (3) the wild “agave zone” located in the eastern part of the state. Implications. Although Queretaro lacks a Designation of Origin (DO) for mezcal or tequila, the state cultivates mezcal-producing species such as Agave rhodacantha and A. angustifolia, as well as A. tequilana, which is traditionally used for tequila in other regions but is cultivated locally for inulin extraction. Conclusions. Agave cultivation in Queretaro encompasses both monoculture and agroecological systems, reflecting a diversity of practices linked to local knowledge and environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fabiola Magallán-Hernández, Juan Antonio Valencia-Hernández, María Alejandra Sánchez-Beltrán, Paola Arellano-Valencia, Juan Fermin Nolasco-Reveles, Andrea Yraiz Torres-Olvera, Diana Saenz-De la O, Guillermo Mancilla-Benítez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Typology of pitaya agroecosystem producers and their productive, socioeconomic, and commercial strategies: a case study in Huitziltepec, Puebla, Mexico
Background: In the Mixteca region of Puebla, México, pitaya (Stenocereus pruinosus), a fruit from a cactus species, is cultivated and represents an income alternative for farming families. The municipality of Huitziltepec, Puebla, is the leading pitaya producer in the state, where local farmers have developed and accumulated knowledge, practices, and sociotechnical logics for managing the crop. Objective: To identify types of pitaya producers based on sociodemographic, productive, and economic variables, and to recognize the productive and socioeconomic strategies they implement within the pitaya agroecosystem. Methodology: A survey was conducted with 24 pitaya producers from the municipality of Huitziltepec, Puebla. The questionnaire addressed sociodemographic, productive, economic, and crop management variables. The data were processed using SPSS and Excel. A cluster analysis was performed to obtain a typology. In addition, some soil samples were collected to describe edaphic conditions.Results: Three groups of producers were identified. Group 1 has more experience (18.1 years on average), larger cultivated area (4.1 ha), and higher yield (8.6 t ha-1). Group 2 combines pitaya production with other economic activities such as trades and commerce, cultivating an average of 1.7 ha with a yield of 7.6 t ha-1. Group 3 is characterized by older age (61.3 years on average) and lower educational attainment (6.7 years), managing an average area of 1 ha and yielding 5.5 t ha-1. Various strategies were identified for managing water, soil, pests, diseases, and frosts, as well as socioeconomic (pluriactivity) and commercial strategies (fruit processing). Implications: The research reveals that, despite ecological and socioeconomic limitations, producers have implemented strategies and sociotechnical practices to manage the pitaya agroecosystem. Conclusions: The typology enabled the identification of three distinct groups of producers. The socioeconomic, commercial, and productive strategies applied by the producers reflect knowledge and adaptation to local conditions, contributing to better management of the pitaya agroecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hermilio Navarro Garza, Diego Flores Sánchez, Ma Antonia Pérez Olvera, Tania Ordoñez Garcia, Hugo Larios Tlali http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geochemical-hydrological assessment of municipal solid waste disposal site to identify environmental risk areas
Background: Municipal solid waste landfills represent significant sources of environmental contamination due to leachate production and the mobilization of heavy metals into surrounding soils and aquatic systems. In rural regions of Mexico, the close spatial interaction between disposal sites and agricultural land increases vulnerability of water resources, food production systems, and local communities. Integrated environmental assessments combining soil, water, and hydrological analyses remain limited for small-scale landfills. This study addresses this gap by evaluating contamination dynamics at the Reforma de Pineda landfill in Oaxaca through a multidisciplinary approach. Objective: To assess the environmental impact of the municipal landfill on soil and water quality, quantify the occurrence and distribution of heavy metals, and identify priority monitoring zones using rainfall–runoff hydrological simulations. Methodology: Physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses were conducted on soils collected from the landfill area and from a neighbouring mango orchard, together with the characterization of groundwater and surface runoff. Soil physicochemical properties, heavy metal concentrations, and mineral phases were determined using standardized analytical protocols. Hydrological modelling based on rainfall–runoff scenarios was implemented to delineate recharge zones and potential contaminant transport pathways under different precipitation conditions. Results: Landfill soils exhibited statistically significant differences relative to agricultural soils, particularly in pH, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, and field capacity. Elevated concentrations of V, Ba, Ni, Cr, and Pb were detected in landfill soils, whereas Cd remained below detection limits. Mineralogical characterization revealed quartz, kaolinite, microcline, and iron oxides as dominant phases influencing metal retention processes. Water analyses showed that Fe, Mn, V, Pb, and Cr exceeded regulatory thresholds in samples from an artisanal well and from landfill runoff. Hydrological simulations identified high recharge potential zones associated with preferential contaminant migration pathways. Implications: The observed contamination patterns indicate potential risks to groundwater quality, agricultural productivity, and human health, emphasizing the need for strengthened monitoring frameworks and improved landfill management practices. Conclusion: The Reforma de Pineda landfill represents a source of pollution that requires environmental mitigation management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Carlos Mario Morales-Bautista http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge and traditional use of plants in the communities of Tepeite and Los Ailes, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Morelos, México
Background: The historical relationship of traditional societies with their territory allowed them to develop a set of knowledge, practices and meanings associated with the use and management of natural resources. Through multiple interactions with their plant environment, these societies have incorporated various floristic species into their belief systems and conceptions of the world, being a key element to reproduce socially and culturally. Objective: To record the richness of useful plants, the categories of use, as well as the quantitative evaluation of the cultural value of the species. Methods: In-depth and semi-structured interviews were carried out with 10% of the population, key collaborators were previously selected, a focus group was established and rapport and participant observation were carried out. Guided tours were also carried out and botanical material was collected for identification. Using indicators such as frequency of mention and categories of use, the cultural value of floristic species was quantitatively evaluated. Results: In this research, 48 families, 88 genera, 104 species, and one variety were recorded, to which inhabitants assign medicinal, food, condiment, construction, fuel, ornamental, symbolic use, and household uses. Medicinal plants, mostly herbs, are used to treat diseases related to the digestive and gynecological systems. The cultural value index records the Hass avocado (Persea americana variety hass Mill) and the Criollo avocado (Persea americana Mill) (3.0 each) as the most important species. Implications: The use of the plants in both communities must be managed rationally otherwise the resources will be threatened and with it, the social well-being. Conclusion: The communities of Tepeite and Los Ailes registered a richness of 104 species and a variety of plants that are used as medicine and food. The species with the highest IIC were the Criollo and Hass avocado.
Copyright (c) 2026 Julieta Berenice Cabrera González, Alejandro García Flores, José Manuel Pino Moreno, Erika Román Montes de Oca, María Eugenia Bahena Galindo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bromatological variability and nutritional quality index in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces in Mexico
Background. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important staple crop in Mexico’s traditional farming systems, and its genetic diversity offers largely unexplored potential. Understanding its bromatological variability is essential for designing strategies to integrate cassava into short food supply chains and differentiated value chains. Objective. To characterize the bromatological composition of Mexican cassava roots and to develop nutritional quality indices. Methodology. Twelve-month-old roots from 14 landraces were evaluated. Samples, processed in triplicate under a completely randomized design (CRD), were analyzed for moisture, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ash, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Data were subjected to multivariate analysis (PCA, hierarchical clustering), followed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test to compare groups. A nutritional quality index (NQI) was calculated based on PCA loadings. Results. PCA distinguished two bromatological axes: an energy–industrial axis associated with DM–NFE and a lipid–protein axis dominated by fat and CP. In addition, PCA indicated a compositional trade-off between the energy fraction (DM–NFE) and the mineral fraction (ash). Landraces MMVER03 and MMVER04 showed the highest NQI values, combining a balanced set of energy- and nutrient-related attributes, positioning them as dual-purpose materials with both food and agroindustrial potential. Implications. The observed variability is linked to genotype-environment interaction and metabolic differences among landraces; therefore, multi-environment testing is recommended to disentangle genetic and environmental effects. These findings underscore the value of incorporating bromatological analyses into characterization and selection programs as a basis for strengthening short supply chains, culinary innovation, and agroindustrial applications. Conclusions. The bromatological diversity of traditional Mexican cassava landraces is expressed as distinct combinations of proximal components, reflecting meaningful genotypic contrasts. The NQI synthesized this variability and supported the pre-selection of landraces with overall performance (particularly for human or animal consumption), avoiding single-trait approaches. These results provide technical criteria for the functional valorization of cassava and for designing selection strategies aligned with sustainable food and agroindustrial systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lily Lorena Luna-Castellanos, Alejandra Soto-Estrada, Isaac Meneses-Márquez, Óscar Alberto Burbano-Figueroa, Octavio Ruiz-Rosado, Eliseo García-Pérez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Abundance and diversity of predatory insects in cotton agroecosystems under malathion ULV application
Background: Cotton is one of the main industrial crops worldwide and a key raw material for the textile industry, generating thousands of jobs along its value chain. In Mexico, the main producing states are Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Tamaulipas. The cotton boll weevil is the most important pest of the crop, and its control relies on aerial applications of malathion ULV, a widely used organophosphate insecticide. However, its use may cause adverse effects on predatory insects within the agroecosystem, which play a key role in the natural regulation of secondary pests. Objective: To identify the diversity and abundance of predatory insects associated with cotton agroecosystems in relation to the number of malathion ULV applications. Methodology: Three fields were selected in the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Tamaulipas, with a range of 0 to 30 aerial applications of malathion ULV. Sampling consisted of 20 net sweeps strokes at five sites per field, for a total of 100 sweeps per field. Predatory insects collected were identified and counted in the laboratory. The evaluated variable was the number of insects per 100 net sweeps for each species or taxonomic group. Abundance data were transformed using the natural logarithm (x + 1). Statistical analysis was performed using LSD tests at a 5% significance level for mean comparisons. Results: Thirteen species of predatory insects were identified. In 2023, Chrysoperla sp. and Hippodamia convergens showed higher abundance in Coahuila and Durango. In Tamaulipas, Coleomegilla maculata and Geocoris punctipes were predominant, whereas arachnids were dominant in Chihuahua. In 2024, H. convergens and Orius tristicolor were mainly abundant in Durango, while Zelus sp., G. punctipes, and arachnids were more representative in Chihuahua. Implications: These results highlight the importance of implementing selective pest management strategies that minimize negative effects on beneficial fauna within cotton agroecosystems. Conclusion: Orius tristicolor was the most abundant predatory species across the evaluated cotton agroecosystems in Mexico. The observed variation among densities and taxonomic groups of predatory insects may be associated with differences in exposure and application conditions of malathion ULV, rather than with a uniform direct toxic effect on the entire beneficial fauna.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jose L. Garcia Hernandez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Productive attributes for the selection of new sugarcane varieties
Background: In Mexico, the sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production system relies on a few varieties, increasing its vulnerability to environmental stresses. Genetic variability, the diversity of genes within a population, is essential for adaptation and evolutionary sustainability in the face of environmental changes. Greater diversity translates to greater survival potential. Heritability measures the proportion of this variation that is transmitted, enabling genetic progress through selection. Objective: To evaluate genetic variability, estimate heritability and genetic progress, and analyze the performance of productive attributes of 20 new semi-commercial varieties, compared to four commercial varieties widely cultivated in Mexico. Methodology: The study was conducted at the Experimental Field of the Postgraduate College, Córdoba Campus, Veracruz, Mexico. Measurements were taken in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. The following were measured: stalk height, leaf length and width, internode length, milling stalk diameter, late water sprouts, aerial lateral shoots, number of internodes, number of leaves, pith and cavity within milling stalks, and total soluble solids (°Brix). Multivariate analyses, genetic estimations, Pearson correlations, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, stability analysis, and distance index between groups were applied to the data obtained. Results: High heritability (> 0.4) was observed for stem height, total soluble solids, late water sprouting, and aerial lateral shoots, indicating strong genetic control and suggesting their inclusion in breeding programs. Total soluble solids were confirmed as a key variable due to their relationship with industrial yield. In contrast, the presence of pith, hollowness, and an excess of lateral shoots were associated with decreased quality and productivity. PCA and cluster analysis allowed the identification of six groups of varieties, some with agronomic potential and others with production limitations. Implications: Some of the semi-commercial varieties have the potential to contribute to strengthening the genetic stock in sugarcane to meet the challenges of climate change and crop variability. The results obtained are from a single environment; therefore, they need to be validated under different conditions. Conclusions: The varieties Mex 09-66, Mex 09-93, Mex 09-132, Mex 09-208, Mex 09-212, Mex 09-289, Mex 09-290, Mex 09-312, Mex 09-321, Mex 09-333, and Mex 09-341 showed more promising characteristics than the rest; for their use, it will be necessary to evaluate them in different agroclimatic regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growth analysis in response to nitrogen concentration
Background: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant that can be grown in greenhouses due to its economic importance and demand in national and international markets, while nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants and the most required element in leafy vegetables. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different nitrate levels in the Steiner nutrient solution on the growth of basil grown under greenhouse conditions. Methodology: The study was conducted in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. The crop used was ‘Nufar’ basil, to which the Steiner nutrient solution was applied at different nitrate levels: 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mEq L-1. The crop growth was evaluated whit destructive sampling carried out at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after transplanting. In each sampling, leaf area, dry and fresh matter, absolute growth rates, relative growth rates, net assimilation rates, and leaf area ratio were measured and calculated. The variables were subjected to regression analysis using Excel® software. Results: The highest dry matter production, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, and leaf area ratio were obtained with nitrate levels of 16 and 12 mEq L-1; for leaf area and fresh matter, the highest was with a dose of 16 mEq L-1 of nitrates, at 42 DAT. Growth indices indicate that the highest daily dry matter and leaf area production was achieved with a nitrate level of 16 mEq L-1. Implications: The results of this study are limited to basil cultivation under greenhouse conditions and for the cultivar used. Conclusions: Based on the results and the conditions under which the study was conducted, it is suggested to use the Steiner nutrient solution at 12 and 16 mEq L-1 of nitrate to obtain the highest growth and production in basil crops.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cid Aguilar-Carpio, Porfirio Juarez-Lopez, Irán Alia-Tejacal, Víctor López-Martínez, Adriana Pérez-Ramírez, José Alberto Salvador Escalante-Estrada http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seasonal correlation between rainfall and honey production by Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille 1811) in a meliponiculture system in the Peruvian Amazon
Background: Tetragonisca angustula is the most abundant stingless bee in meliponaries of the Peruvian Amazon, especially in the Huallaga River valley. Its recent management has been conducted empirically, without scientific and technical guidance. Hypothesis and objective: Premised on the hypothesis that environmental conditions in seasonally dry forests affect the honey yield of T. angustula in technical meliponiculture this study aimed to evaluate variations in hive density and honey production patterns of this species in relation to the rainfall regime. Methodology: Between October 2019 and April 2023, a set of 36 'rational boxes' located in a meliponary was systematically evaluated for its longevity and honey production records. Likewise, information on the rainfall regime for the same period was systematized. Results: The longevity of the colonies was 2.25 ± 1.10 years. The total number of colonies and the number of unproductive colonies were strongly related, but they did not determine the honey production in the meliponary. The honey yield pattern showed the effects of the seasonal rainfall regime, probably related to a lower availability of floral resources. Implications: Under these ecological conditions, honey production is correlated with the number of productive hives but not with the total amount of hives in the meliponary, indicating competitive differences related to the combined effects of harvesting pressure and foraging capacity. Conclusion: Honey production by Tetragonisca angustula in a meliponiculture system responds to the seasonal rainfall regime in the Huallaga dry forest valley, in the Peruvian Amazon.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Ushiñahua, Marilena Marconi, David Sillam- Dussès, J. Ormeño, Chantal Poteaux, Émilie Long, Damien Gergonne, Agustín Cerna-Mendoza, Andrea Di Giulio, Emiliano Mancini, Carlos Daniel Vecco Giove http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Meta-analysis of the effect of dietary inclusion of copper on production performance in swine
Background. Copper is a trace element that is involved in various metabolic reactions (cellular respiration, hemoglobin formation and the development of connective tissue), acting with bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. It can be toxic and excessively excreted into the environment when used at high doses. There are many studies with different levels of inclusion and times of dietary copper supplementation with variable results, generating uncertainty among nutritionists. Objective. To measure the effect of dietary copper inclusion on productive performance in pigs through the use of meta-analysis. Methodology. 24 analyzes were run from 28 scientific articles that included a total of 3908 animals. Under the random effects model, effect size, heterogeneity, meta-regressions and publication bias were determined. Results. The results showed that copper supplementation improved average daily weight gain (+30.61 g/day, p<0.00001), average daily feed intake (+18.726 g/day, p=0.0001), feed conversion (-0.10009 kg/kg, p=0.00003) and feed efficiency (+0.00597 kg/kg, p=0.0052). High values of heterogeneity (>80%) were found in most of the variables evaluated, so meta-regressions were performed with the moderators: duration and level of supplementation, dietary level of crude protein, zinc, vitamins A and E, and number of repetitions. Implications: Optimizing rations with these data maximizes swine performance and mitigates the environmental impact of copper excretion. Conclusion. It was concluded that dietary copper supplementation improved productive performance in pigs and these results are affected by other dietary nutrients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Victoria Tufiño-Loza, Renan Mena-Pérez, Diego Rodriguez-Saldaña, Jimmy Rolando Quisirumbay http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Consortia of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from deciduous forests and silvopastoral systems: effects on the initial growth of four tropical forage species
Background. Native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) consortia establish mutualistic symbiotic associations with forage species and promote their growth. Objective. To evaluate the effect of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal consortia on the initial growth of tropical forage species. Methodology. To assess the effect of native AMF consortia on the initial growth of four tropical forage species under controlled conditions, a completely randomized factorial (3 × 4) experiment was established with two native AMF consortia from tropical deciduous forest (TDF) and a silvopastoral system (SSP), evaluated on four forage species: Mucuna pruriens, Guazuma ulmifolia, Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Moringa oleifera, plus a control group without AMF. Morphological variables were evaluated for 90 days, and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization was determined. Main findings. AMF consortia significantly affected (p<0.05) leaf number and plant height, with the SSP consortium being superior in leaf production but inferior in height, compared to the control. E. cyclocarpum showed the best development in branch number (15.38), branch length (8.68 cm), and stem diameter (0.38 cm), while M. pruriens excelled in height (118.09 cm). Mycelial colonization was wide (33.00–100%), with M. oleifera and E. cyclocarpum being the most colonizable species. Implications. The consortium isolated from SSP showed greater compatibility and favored leaf production of tropical forage species. It is necessary to evaluate AMF consortia to understand their long-term effect on the productivity of tropical forage species. Conclusion. Native AMF consortia show potential to improve specific growth characteristics of tropical forage species, with differentiated responses depending on the host species and the origin of the consortium.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elizabeth de los Angeles Herrera-Parra, Armin Abelardo Luna-Mendicuti, Jorge Rodolfo Canul Solis, Luis Erique Castillo-Sánchez, María José Campos-Navarrete, Nery María Ruz-Febles http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Responses to irrigation and defoliation of dry tropical woody forage species
Background. Tropical dry forests are abundant in trees with forage potential. However, there are few studies on their agronomic features aimed at their utilisation in intensive silvopastoral systems. Objective. To evaluate the establishment and growth in height, diameter, canopy cover, and biomass production of three forage tree species (Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, and Moringa oleifera) under the effects of two irrigation levels (irrigated and rainfed) and three defoliation levels (25, 50, and 75%), in order to obtain information for their agronomic management in the dry tropics. Methodology. A factorial experimental design in randomized blocks was used. Results were analyzed using general linear models. Results. During establishment, L. leucocephala reached a greater height and diameter than M. oleifera and G. sepium. After a 30-month monitoring period under irrigation and defoliation treatments, L. leucocephala was found to be the species with the greatest growth, but only G. sepium showed significant differences between irrigation treatments for height and diameter. In biomass production, L. leucocephala had the highest yield at 75% defoliation, with 103.03 ± 16.52 kg DM/ha, followed by G. sepium, also at 75% defoliation, with 79.62 ± 19.77 kg DM/ha. It was also observed that the species were not affected after three successive prunings with recovery periods of three and six months and even increased their biomass production. Implications. L. leucocephala and G. sepium showed the best establishment and highest biomass production, making them a potential alternative for silvopastoral systems. Conclusions. It is important to select species adapted to local conditions to optimize the productivity and sustainability of silvopastoral systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Flor Paloma García-Vargas, Lizbeth Esmeralda Robles-Jiménez, Daniel Val-Arreola, Mayra Elena Gavito-Pardo, Leonel López-Toledo, Carlos E Gonzalez-Esquivel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial return of sorghum and cowpea production under selected water harvesting and integrated soil fertility management options in central Kenya highlands
Background: Crop production in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) is constrained by erratic rainfall and poor soil fertility. The reduction in yields from farmers’ fields demonstrates the need for appropriate agricultural production technologies, innovations and management practices. Objective: To determine, on-farm, the effect of water harvesting, cropping systems and Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) technologies on sorghum and cowpea productivity and profitability in Central Kenya Highlands. Methodology: The treatments were arranged in a factorial structure with 3 levels of water harvesting (Tied Ridges-TR, Contour Furrows-CF and Farmers Practice-FP), 2 cropping systems (Sole and Intercrop) and 6 soil fertility management options laid out in a partially balanced incomplete block design (PBIBD), replicated thrice. Sorghum and cowpea grains and biomass yields were determined at harvesting and cost of production data was collected to determine cost benefit analysis. Data was subjected to Analysis of variance and means separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at p≤0.05. Results: The results showed that Net benefit, BCR and return to labour were significantly (p<0.0001) affected by the treatments in both study sites. The FP-sole 40P20NM2.5 was most superior with the highest BCR (2.53) and return to labour (4.1). The sole cropping systems recorded significantly higher BCR and return to labour (USD 1.4 and USD 2.8) than those under intercropping system. The fertilizer combinations (40P20M2.5) had higher BCR and return to labour of USD 1.5 and USD 2.9 as compared to experiment “controls”. The lowest net benefit, BCR (<1) and return to labour was recorded in treatments regarded as experiment “controls” in both study sites. Implication: The results suggests that only low-input technologies with organic inputs are currently suitable and need to be adopted through a known crop intensification technologies that could be enhanced in these drought prone areas of central Kenya Highlands. Conclusion: Conventional tillage (FP) under sole cropping produced better returns on the money invested with minimal nutrient replenishment for producing improved sorghum than with farmers conventional way (traditional practice of no fertilizer input) in drier parts of this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peterson Newton Njeru http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of pasture recovery period on dry matter present, weight gain and the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in Holstein x Zebu and Brahman calves in the humid tropics
Background. High temperatures, humidity, dietary changes, pests, and diseases affect animal performance, but intensive rotational grazing (RG) optimizes livestock profitability. Objective: To evaluate the effect of RG on dry matter present (DMP), pasture height and cover, average daily gain (ADG), and the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in F1 Holstein × Zebu and Brahman calves. Methodology. The study was conducted from March 2021 to March 2023 in Tlapacoyan, Veracruz, and evaluated three grazing treatments on 2 ha each: C00 (continuous grazing), R30, and R45, both with 3 days of grazing and 30 or 45 days of recovery. In each treatment, ten F1 heifers (170.33±40.98 kg, 4-7 months) grazed in the first year and ten Brahman heifers (143.7±33.6 kg) in the second. Measurements: Dry matter storage (DMS), pasture height, and cover were determined every 28 days in C00; in R30 and R45, measurements were taken before and after three days of grazing. The animals were weighed monthly, and ticks were counted every 14 days. Analysis: A mixed model was used with treatment as the fixed effect and season as the repeated measure. The least squares means were compared using a student’s t-test. Results. There was no difference between treatments in MSP (P>0.05). Height and cover differed between treatments (P<0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) was similar between treatments (0.435±0.18, 0.415±0.15, and 0.471±0.07 kg for C00, R30, and R45, respectively). The average accumulated weight over the two years was 156.8±51.7, 149.7±49.2, and 169.8±55.2 kg for C00, R30, and R45, respectively. Stocking rate, MSP present, and season were determinants of live weight accumulation and tick population. Treatment, season, and their interaction were significant (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P<0.0002) for tick counts. Implications: The amount of MSP allowed for modest and similar GDP across treatments, implying that recovery can increase pasture yield. Conclusion: Management and environment affected tick counts but did not impact animal performance. Animals in R45 accumulated fewer ticks, demonstrating that long recovery periods affect ticks by reducing the number of hosts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Epigmenio Castillo-Gallegos, Miguel Ángel Alonso-Díaz, Agustín Fernández-Salas, Gabriel Cruz-González, Jesús Jarillo-Rodríguez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-agronomic classification and plant diversity of the coffee agroecosystem in Chiapas, Mexico
Background: The coffee agroecosystem (Coffea arabica L.) in Chiapas has traditionally been based on the conservation of natural resources. However, the introduction of new varieties and the use of agrochemicals have altered both the biological diversity and the productivity of the agroecosystem. Objective: To typify the coffee agroecosystem of the municipality of Villa Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico, using a socio-agronomic approach, and to assess plant diversity and the use value of plant species. Methodology: Eighty semi structured interviews were conducted with coffee producers using the snowball sampling technique. For agroecosystem typification, data were analyzed through factorial analysis using the principal components method and hierarchical cluster analysis. Plant diversity was assessed using the Shannon and Weaver diversity index, and the use of plant species was evaluated through the Use Value Index (UVI). Results: Various types of production systems were identified within the coffee agroecosystem in Villa Corzo, Chiapas, resulting in four groups defined by the socio-agronomic characteristics of the producers managing them, structured around five principal components that explain 72.9 % of the total variability. The typical coffee agroecosystem exhibited the highest plant diversity (H´ = 1.95) and managed 31 species. The highest Use Value Index was recorded for species such as caspirola (Inga laurina S.), cedar (Cedrela odorata L.), chalum (Inga micheliana H.), chayote (Sechium edule L.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), medlar (Mespilus germanica L.), and the Musaceae family, with uses ranging from food, timber, shade, and firewood. Implications: Identifying producer types within the coffee agroecosystem from a socio-agronomic perspective enables the development of targeted management strategies and conservation actions according to the specific characteristics of producers in Villa Corzo, Chiapas. Conclusions: Four profiles of coffee producers were identified in Villa Corzo, Chiapas, with typical and technified producers predominating. Overall plant diversity in the agroecosystems was low, although the typical system registered the highest number of species. Shade and subsistence species stood out as those with the highest use value for producers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Francisco Guevara-Hernandez, Luis Alberto Somá-Álvarez, Manuel Alejandro La O-Arias, Luis Reyes-Muro, Flora Bonazzi-Piasentin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efecto de la densidad de siembra en el rendimiento y características agronómicas del híbrido de maíz HV-570
Antecedentes: El maíz es el cultivo de mayor relevancia en la alimentación mexicana, por lo que es necesario implementar estrategias agronómicas que permitan una mayor producción. Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento agronómico y la producción de grano de HV-570 sometido a las densidades 50 000 y 90 000 plantas ha-1 en la localidad de Manuel León, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, México. Metodología: Se empleó un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones bajo un arreglo factorial para comparar el híbrido HV-570 con H-518 e Imparable, sometidos a 50 000 y 90 000 plantas ha-1 en el ciclo otoño-invierno 2024. Se registraron en diez plantas las variables: días a floración masculina (FM) y femenina (FF); altura de la planta y mazorca (ALPLA y ALMAZ), diámetro del tallo (DTALL), longitud y ancho de la hoja central de la inserción de la mazorca (LHOJ y AHOJ), longitud y diámetro de la mazorca (LMAZ y DMAZ) en centímetros; número de hojas (NHOJ); número de hileras y número de granos por hilera (NHIL y NGHIL) y el rendimiento de grano (REND, t ha-1). Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y comparación de medias por la prueba de Tukey ( . Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas para la interacción híbrido x densidad en las variables ALPLA, NHOJ, LMAZ, NHIL , ALMAZ, LHOJ y REND ; en cuanto al factor híbrido, se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas en ALPLA, ALMAZ, NHOJ, LHOJ y LMAZ; y la variable REND para el factor densidad . El híbrido HV-570 alcanzó mayor LMAZ y NHIL, lo que incidió positivamente en el REND al conseguir 6.34 toneladas a 90 000 plantas ha-1. Para el factor densidad, se incrementó tres veces más al pasar de 1.71 a 5.55 toneladas. Implicaciones: El híbrido HV-570 responde satisfactoriamente a altas densidades de siembra, aunque es posible mayor potencial genético al ajustar las fechas de siembra o implementar riegos de auxilio. Conclusión: Debido a mejores características agronómicas y rendimiento de HV-570 en alta densidad, el híbrido resulta como un material promisorio que puede contribuir a la competitividad del sector agrícola en el área de estudio.
Copyright (c) 2026 José Luis Del Rosario Arellano, Viridiana Borbonio Fernández, Josafhat Salinas Ruiz, Juan Salazar Ortiz, Mauro Sierra Macias, Joel Velasco Velasco, José Juan García Zomplaxtle, José Valentín González Elvira, Ricardo Serna Lagunes, Otto Raúl Leyva Ovalle, Pablo Andrés Meza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Food systems sustainability and complexity: Case of indigenous and peasant communities in southern Colombia
Background: The conventional food system has responsibility to the global socio-ecological crisis. A simplistic approach to food issues fails to understand the complex dimensions of the problem. Objective: To analyze the food systems sustainability from a complex perspective. Methodology: A process of characterization, creation of a sustainability analysis framework, prioritization of critical aspects, construction of variables, evaluation, and generation of transition pathways to improve sustainability in two intercultural territories in southern Colombia was performed. Results: Limitations were found in variables such as climate change mitigation, integrated water management, and capacity building for project development. The need to promote the participation of women and youth and to connect with local stakeholders is highlighted. Implications: The study has limitations in terms of scale, given that it was designed as a case study in a community; however, it allows the analysis of territorialized food systems, based on the dimensions and attributes of sustainability to address current socio-environmental challenges. Conclusion: The interaction between attributes and dimensions of sustainability, with the functions of the food system, allows for a three-dimensional analysis that generates representative variables to estimate sustainability at a territorial scale.
Copyright (c) 2026 Álvaro Acevedo-Osorio http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of DNA extraction in Bursera using the CTAB protocol and comparison with commercial methods
Background. DNA extraction from plant species with high levels of secondary metabolites poses a major technical challenge, particularly in the genus Bursera, where substances such as tannins, terpenes, and resins compromise DNA purity and integrity. This limits genomic and conservation research in endemic Mexican species. Objective. To develop and standardize a CTAB-based DNA extraction protocol tailored to the chemical properties of Bursera linanoe and to compare its performance with widely used commercial kits. Methodology. Three commercial kits and two CTAB-based protocols (Doyle & Doyle and Saghai-Maroof) were tested using leaf tissue from Bursera linanoe. DNA yield, purity (A260/280 and A260/230), and integrity were assessed via spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results. The optimized CTAB protocol yielded high-quality DNA (average 310.56 ng µL-1), with purity ratios in the optimal range for molecular applications. In contrast, commercial kits yielded low DNA concentrations or failed to recover detectable material, highlighting their inefficiency in tissues rich in secondary metabolites. Implications. The observed variability and DNA absence in some samples emphasize the need to tailor extraction protocols to the specific chemistry of plant tissues. The optimized method offers a valuable approach for similar species and supports future genomic and conservation studies. Conclusion. The modified CTAB protocol outperforms commercial methods for DNA extraction in Bursera linanoe.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iris Cruz-Larios, Martha Hernández-Rodríguez, ALEJANDRA MORENO-LETELIER http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0