ISSN: 1870-0462 ISSN-L: 1870-0462
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The ciricote (Cordia dodecandra DC.): An invaluable tree of southwestern Mexico
Background. The ciricote (Cordia dodecandra DC.), known in Maya as k’oopte’, is a Mesoamerican deciduous tree of biocultural relevance in southeastern Mexico, particularly within agroforestry systems. The objective of this study was to systematize and analyze the available information on its systematics, ecology, and management, in order to identify the main advances in its study. Methodology. A systematic review was conducted using search engines and scientific databases, compiling 87 publications (scientific articles, theses, and historical documents) related to the species. These works were grouped into seven main thematic areas: taxonomy, climatic and edaphic factors associated with its distribution, reproductive biology, population ecology in managed systems, antagonistic and positive interactions, and domestication. Main findings. Cordia dodecandra belongs to the family Cordiaceae and has five taxonomic synonyms. Its distribution is concentrated in regions with a warm subhumid climate, primarily on karstic soils in the state of Yucatán, where it occurs in dry forest fragments, forest systems, and agroforestry plots. Its adaptation to challenging edaphic conditions gives it potential for reforestation programs. Interactions have been recorded with one herbivore, one frugivore, and several foliar pathogens identified through metagenomic studies. Additionally, the species maintains beneficial associations with hymenopterans and hummingbirds that use its flowers as a resource. The species exhibits distyly, which conditions fruit production, and shows low germination and recruitment rates in natural forests. In this context, agroforestry systems—particularly home gardens—act as germplasm reservoirs and play a key role in the species’ domestication process. Directed selection toward larger fruits and leaves has been observed, although biological interactions remain similar to those found in wild forests. Implications. This review highlights the diversity of research conducted on the ciricote, mainly in Yucatán, which contributes to a better understanding of its functioning and ecological dynamics in both natural vegetation fragments and managed systems of varying intensity. Conclusions. Research on the ecology and management of C. dodecandra in southeastern Mexico underscores the importance of its management, particularly within agroforestry systems in Yucatán, which now serve as key sites for the in-situ conservation of this valuable species.
Copyright (c) 2026 María Camila Hurtado Torres http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dynamics of plants source – sink tissue relationships modulated by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Background. Biomass biosynthesis and partitioning in plants significantly impact growth and depend on the relationship established between the plant’s photosynthetic (source) tissues and heterotrophic (sink) tissues. Several factors influence the source-sink relationship, including the establishment of interactions with soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). During the interaction with AMF, a bidirectional flow of nutrients is established, whereby AMF receive carbon (C) from the plant in exchange for mineral nutrients, thereby altering the plant’s source-sink relationship and influencing plant growth. Objective. To analyse the mechanism that regulate and influence C partitioning in plants colonized by HMA as well as to expose the current theories that explain how the change of C partitioning in plants influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters plant growth. Methodology. Through a literature review, we explored the physiology of growth and C partitioning and allocation in plants, as well as studies concerning the growth responses exhibited by plants in relation to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Results. Colonization by AMF causes profound modifications in carbohydrate anabolism and catabolism, altering the source-sink relationship and potentially eliciting positive growth responses in plants. However, the alteration of the source-sink relationship can also be negative or neutral, indicating that AMF interaction may limit plant growth under certain conditions. Implications. Understanding the conditions and molecular mechanisms that favour the manifestation of positive mycorrhizal growth responses in plants will facilitate the agricultural management of this important association. Conclusion. Mycorrhizal growth response is determined by the alterations that AMF root colonization causes in C partitioning, allocation, and metabolism, which play a pivotal role in regulating plant growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ana Tztzqui Chávez Bárcenas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multidimensional sustainability assessment in a coffee production system
Background. Sustainability in coffee production is relevant because of its social and environmental impact. The fragility of profitability, together with the need for responsible practices that consider social and environmental well-being, demands a comprehensive analysis of the issue. Objective. To evaluate the sustainability of certified coffee production and propose strategies to accredit compliance with the required indicators, considering the characteristics of small-scale coffee production in Mexico. Methodology. Work was carried out with coffee growers in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, through MESMIS; the certifications provided evidence of compliance with environmental and social sustainability; while for economic sustainability the cash flow generated was considered and compared with the requirements to overcome the family poverty line. Results. The production system studied, with four certifications, shows evidence of compliance with all the environmental and social sustainability indicators of the MESMIS. However, this framework does not consider important factors such as migration and the absence of generational renewal. Economic sustainability is met, although it is fragile due to price volatility and yield variability. Compliance with economic sustainability also depends on the size of the family and the existence of other family income. Implication. Shade-grown coffee, which has organic production and fair market certificates, is environmentally and socially sustainable with the MESMIS criteria; it is also economically sustainable with the current price and yield conditions, but due to the instability of the market it needs to be complemented with other sources of income, to be more robust. Conclusion. Although certified shade-grown coffee farming reflects environmental and social sustainability, economic sustainability remains fragile; therefore, it is a priority to strengthen it and promote the permanence of younger generations in the activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iván Jair Gonzáles-Valencia, Leticia Myriam Sagarnaga Villegas, Vinicio Horacio Santoyo Cortes, Julio Diaz José http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production potential of seven forage hybrids of Urochloa under sun and tree shade
Background: Ruminant diets in tropical areas are primarily based on native grasses. However, in some regions, low rainfall, high temperatures, and certain soil physicochemical characteristics interfere with pasture production, affecting yield, nutrient quality, and digestibility. In recent years, hybrid grasses have led to improved forage yields of high-quality nutrients year-round, improving pasture utilization for livestock production. Objective: To evaluate the productive potential of seven hybrids of the genus Urochloa established under sun and tree shade conditions at three cutting ages and three climatic conditions. Methodology: The study was conducted at the Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical (CEIEGT-Tlapacoyan, Veracruz), where the following grasses were evaluated: Cobra, Cayman, Mulato II, Camello, GP 1435, GP 1467, and Mestizo Blend during the rainy, northern, and dry seasons. Cutoff frequency was measured 28, 35, and 42 days post-sowing. Dry matter (DM) production and its nutritional quality were estimated. Results: The highest dry weight production per clump was obtained under sunny conditions, with a 36% lower dry weight in shade. Production under both conditions increased at 42 days, with a greater increase in leaf production under shade. Independently of the condition, the highest production in the dry season was obtained from Cobra, in the rainy season from Mestizo Blend, and in the north, production was similar in all species except for GP 1467, where it was lower. For the season by age interaction, an increase in production was observed as the days passed, with a 50% higher production at 42 days compared to 28 days; however, at 35 and 42 days, no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Implications: This study contributes to a better understanding of the development of hybrid grasses and is considered useful for improving the use of tree shade systems. Conclusions: It is concluded that dry matter production in Urochloa hybrids is influenced by light conditions (sun/shade), cutting age, and season. It is noteworthy that in this study, shade reduces production, and that, in general, production increases with age. These results highlight the importance of considering the environment and cutting management to optimize forage yield.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melissa Lazarin Flores, Juan Manuel Pinos Rodríguez, Jorge Genaro Vicente Martínez, Epigmenio Castillo Gallegos, Miguel Angel Alonso Díaz, Jesús Jarillo Rodríguez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nesting of resident avifauna in a fragment of xerophilous scrubland in Tamaulipas, Mexico
Background. The reproductive biology of birds allows to document their importance in the environment by different events such as habitat selection for nesting, reproductive strategies, and association with vegetation. However, different types of natural ecosystems have been increasingly affected by land use change and deforestation, and with them, important nesting areas have been lost. Objective. To determine the composition of resident species and nesting in a fragment of xerophytic scrubland in Tula, Tamaulipas, and its relationship with biotic and abiotic variables. Methodology. The monitoring of birds was carried out during the breeding period from January to August 2024, for the observation and location of nesting birds direct visual method were performed to identify the behaviors. Each identified nest was monitored continuously, recording the abiotic variables and the plant species associated with the reproductive process. Results. A total of 1673 birds were recorded, belonging to 12 orders, 25 families and 59 species. A total of 71 nests were identified, corresponding to 8 nesting species in the xerophytic scrub. Implications. The ecological information obtained in this research allows us to know the importance of how the avifauna is related to the xerophytic scrub and in the perspective of conservation of this ecosystem. Conclusions. Nesting sites provided by the dominant vegetation represented by Celtis palida, Acacia amentacea, Cylindropuntia imbricata, Yucca carnerosana, Yucca filifera.
Copyright (c) 2026 Santiago Niño-Maldonado http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production modules in rural teacher training schools, community links and rural development
Background: Rural teacher training schools (ENR) emerged in 1922, with their own curricula that, at the time, required the training of teachers with the knowledge to increase literacy among the population and contribute to rural community development by including agricultural training in their curriculum, however, in 1940, the process of harmonizing their curriculum with that of urban teacher training colleges began. Objective: To contribute to the understanding of how ENR students leverage production modules to generate community engagement with rural development. Methodology: Because there is no prior experience on the topic, this research was of a mixed nature: exploratory in its quantitative aspect and ethnographic in its qualitative aspect. It was conducted at the ENR in Mactumactzá, Chiapas, and Tiripetio, Michoacán. Questionnaires were administered to students to determine their opinions regarding their training in the production modules and how they relate to them in their communities. In both institutions a sample of students (n) of 228 for Tiripetio and 233 for Mactumactzá was obtained, the degree of confidence of the sample was 0.95 (NC = 0.95), and a sampling error of 0.05 (e = 0.05). Results: 91% of the students in the ENR, take advantage of their knowledge of the production modules to connect with the communities, with projects for livestock raising, planting vegetables and fruit trees. Implications: The students of the two ENR propose the creation of production modules in their communities to contribute to rural development, through the production of products for self-consumption and some techniques for food preservation. Conclusion: The ENRs are teacher training institutions that can promote community spaces, the production modules are projects that contribute to the rural development of communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rocío Ángeles Atriano Mendieta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entomotourism potential for butterfly watching in Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico
Background. Entomotourism represents a form of tourism diversification that involves recreational activities focused on insect watching, including activities in both natural environments and controlled conditions. In regions with high biological biodiversity, butterflies represent a resource that can contribute to the generation of complementary income for communities. Evaluating the potential of entomotourism is essential to determine the viability of its implementation as an economic development alternative. Objective. The objective was to evaluate the potential of entomotourism for butterfly watching as a tourism product in Atoyac, Veracruz. Methodology. The potential of entomotourism in Atoyac, Veracruz, was evaluated using the Multicriteria Evaluation technique, considering both the natural resources and the infrastructure of the municipality. The process included the participation of government representatives, service providers, and community stakeholders. Results. It was found that the best represented resources were mountain formations, ravines, gullies, caves, forests, as well as natural observation areas. In addition to a high level of availability of basic services, with an overall compliance rate of 86% of the possible total, there is a 58% deficit in infrastructure and services, which indicates priority areas for improvement and development. The tourism inventory of the area and tourism service providers was updated, and a suitable route for butterfly watching was delineated, highlighting the Morpho helenor species. Finally, training workshops were held for the local population to promote practices related to butterfly watching, breeding, and artisanal use. Implications. The evaluation of infrastructure and service resources reveals limited coverage, characterized by the absence or incipient development of key elements, which represents a significant barrier to the strengthening and consolidation of tourism in the region. Conclusion. Based on the above, it is concluded that Atoyac presents favorable conditions for the development of entomotourism, and it is proposed that it can be integrated as a component within the tourism offering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ivette Pérez-Hernández, Isis Raquel Delgado-Tejeda, Jose Lopez-Collado, Diego Esteban Platas-Rosado, Salvador Partida-Sedas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Variations of structural niche, floristic sources and density of Tetragonisca angustula Latreille 1811 (Apinae, Meliponini) in the dry forest of Huallaga, peruvian Amazon
Background: Tetragonisca angustula is a highly adaptable stingless bee in anthropic landscapes, but there are few studies on its trophic relationships and ethology in the Amazon. Hypothesis and objective: Unlike other stingless bees, whose nesting density is regulated by territoriality and the availability of food resources, it is inferred that the nest density of T. angustula is limited by the availability of nesting spaces. To demonstrate it, the trophic-structural niche variations of T. angustula colonies were compared in the Seasonal Dry Forest of the Central Huallaga region, Peruvian Amazon. Methodology: Between 2019 and 2023, nests of this species were studied in an agroforestry landscape dominated by remnant secondary forest (N) and an urban community (U). The ecological niche amplitude Bi was estimated from data of nesting frequency by substrate B1 (rock crevices, trees, concrete, dry mud, plastic, pottery, wooden boxes, ground) and nest distance above or below ground level B2. Structural niche overlapping Oij was calculated, as well as nest density and foraging range. Flowering patterns of plants visited by the species and changes in the vegetation landscape were assessed. Results: Of 23 nests, 30% were found in the field and the remaining 70% in the urban area. Structural nest niche by substrate type and height above ground level showed a greater amplitude in urban (BU1=0.62 and BU2=0.59, respectively) compared to natural landscapes (BN1=0.17 and BN2=0.33) with overlaps OUN1= 0.00 and OUN2=0.83. A higher density and clustering of nests was found in the urban area. Of the 59 morphospecies of bee flora, 48% were trees and 52% shrubs, climbers and herbs; 80% native and 20% exotic, and 80% wild and 20% cultivated, ensuring a floristic supply throughout the year. Implications: A new ecological basis for the recovery of landscapes and productive strategies for T. angustula are provided. Conclusion: Limiting nesting space is the main factor determining T. angustula density.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Ushiñahua, Marilena Marconi, Edbar García, Javier Ormeño-Luna, Orlando Ríos, José Macedo, Carlos Daniel Vecco Giove http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of two coffee management systems in Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico
Background: Mexico has a long coffee-growing tradition, where many producers combine traditional systems with commercial ones aimed at maximizing the harvest. This duality raises questions about the balance between economic profitability and environmental conservation, particularly in regions such as Veracruz, where coffee is a flagship crop. Objective: To assess the effect of two coffee agroecosystems on some ecological, productive, and economic aspects in the town of Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology: The study was conducted at Los Fresnos farm in Huatusco, Veracruz. Vegetation was evaluated by identifying species and calculating cover and diversity (Shannon index). Soil macrofauna was quantified and classified by abundance and richness. Coffee yield was compared, and the economic efficiency of each agroecosystem was determined, considering associated crops in the commercial system. Results: The traditional system presented greater plant diversity, with 15 tree species and 6 herbaceous species, higher shade cover (75% vs. 56.4%), and a higher Shannon index (H'=1.80 vs. 0.80). The soil macrofauna was also more abundant in this system (34 individuals, 5 orders), mainly earthworms (16) and ants (12), while no soil organisms were recorded in the commercial system. Coffee yield was higher in the traditional system (376 kg of cherries and 324 kg of parchment) than in the commercial system (80 kg of cherries and 280 kg of parchment). However, the commercial system showed greater profitability (B/C=13.38 vs. 1.08), with annual earnings of $24,410.20, thanks to the sale of complementary crops such as lemon and sunflower. Implication: The sustainability of coffee agroecosystems can be enhanced by integrating the positive elements of traditional and commercial systems, combining biodiversity and economic efficiency. Conclusion: Traditional coffee systems endorse species diversity, soil fauna, and higher yields of the main crop. The commercial system, although less ecologically favorable, increases profitability through alternative crops. The results highlight the need for hybrid management strategies that combine ecological stability and economic advantages, promoting resilient agroecosystems that contribute to biodiversity conservation and producer well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yolai Noda Leyva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of grafting technique in three genotypes of Cedrela odorata L.
Background. Grafting is an effective propagation technique for cloning trees with superior characteristics. Objective. To evaluate the effect of grafting technique and genotype on graft success of Cedrela odorata L. Methodology. C. odorata grafts were made using a randomized block design with factorial arrangement. Two grafting techniques (T-side-scion and T-budding) and three genotypes selected from a provenance test (CR-1, CR-2 and CR-3) were tested. At two months, graft success (%) was evaluated. Results. The analysis detected differences in graft success due to both factors (p ≤ 0.05). T-side-scion grafting was 28.3 % more successful than T-budding grafting and clones CR-3, CR-1 and CR-2 showed differences in graft success with 52.5, 40 and 25 %, respectively. Implications. The results suggest that C. odorata trees can be cloned by T-side-scion and T-budding grafting, but it is necessary to test other techniques that increase the percentage of graft success. Conclusions. T-side-scion grafting favors graft success in C. odorata, compared to the T-budding graft. Grafting success varies depending on the genotype of scion used.
Copyright (c) 2026 Esther Paredes Díaz, Benito González Jiménez, Norberto Silva Pérez, Rony Yair Maldonado Fuentes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Response to the inclusion of rye-triticale silage for cows in small-scale dairy systems
Background: The conservation of alternative forages as silage for times of scarcity and its use in feeding strategies for cows in small-scale dairy systems are an adaptation option to adverse climatic conditions as reduced rainfall. Small-grain cereals, given their short agronomic cycle, have a lower water demand, and the association of different cereal species may have complementary responses. Objective: Analyze the productive response of dairy cows in small-scale dairy systems to the inclusion of rye-triticale silage as complement to maize silage. Methodology: Evaluating the inclusion of rye-triticale silage (ECT) with maize silage (EMz) in three treatments T0= 100% EMz, T15= 85% EMz/15% ECT, and T30%= 70% EMz/30% ECT. Cows were offered 3.5 kg DM/cow/day of commercial concentrate, whole maize stover, ground stover, and alfalfa hay, with silage treatments to complete estimated dry matter intake. Response variables were milk yield and milk fat and protein content, live weight and body condition score; in a 3x3 Latin Square design replicated three times, with nine cows in 14-day experimental periods. Results: There were no significant (P>0.05) differences for the response variables. Implications: This work proposes the implementation of rye-triticale through the practice of ensilage, an alternative to corn as a forage base. Conclusions: Rye-triticale silage may complement maize silage in the studied proportions in the feeding strategies of cows in small-scale dairy systems with similar results in milk yields and animal performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aurora Sainz Ramírez, María Danaee Celis-Alvarez, Zeida Medina-Gómez, Felipe López-González, Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and identification of mycorrhizal fungi that promote germination and initial development of Epidendrum radicans Pav. ex Lindl
Background. Seeds of the Orchidaceae family lack an endosperm with sufficient reserves to meet the carbon demands required during germination and the pre-autotrophic developmental stage. This limitation is compensated through symbiotic relationships with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). The roots of adult orchids also establish symbiotic relationships with OMF, some of which can extend their hyphae to colonize new seeds. Epidendrum radicans is a hemiepiphytic lithophytic, or terrestrial orchid native to Mexico, widely used as an ornamental species; and its fruits produce thousands of seeds. Objective. To isolate fungi that promote germination and early development of E. radicans, using roots from adult plants as the source. Methodology. The presence of OMF structures in E. radicans roots was verified using trypan blue staining. An in vitro co-culture system was designed to induce germination by pairing seeds and OMF-colonized roots. Hyphae associated with germinated orchids were isolated and cultured. One representative isolate from each identified genus was selected and evaluated for its colonization capacity and ability to promote germination, using stained protocorms obtained from co-culture. Results. Sixteen isolates were obtained and morphologically characterized, belonging to the genera Fusarium (14), Rhizoctonia (1), and Ceratobasidium (1). The selected Fusarium sp. isolate did not promote seed germination. In contrast, Ceratobasidium sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. facilitated both germination and early plant development. The number of leaf-bearing plantlets generated by Ceratobasidium sp. was 5.7 times higher than that obtained with Rhizoctonia sp. Seedlings and protocorms germinated in co-culture with both genera exhibited characteristic orchid mycorrhizal colonization structures. Implications. The co-culture protocols used for isolating germination-promoting OMF, along with the modified staining protocol for roots and protocorms, offer valuable tools for enhancing sexual propagation of orchids in breeding programs or conservation efforts targeting species at risk of genetic erosion. Conclusion: The co-culture protocol developed in this study enabled the isolation of two OMF species capable of promoting germination and early development of E. radicans.
Copyright (c) 2026 Froylán Navarro-Álvarez, Isaac Alejandro Salmeron-Santiago, Pedro Antonio López, José Luciano Morales-García, Martha Elena Pedraza-Santos, Ana Tztzqui Chávez-Bárcenas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutritional composition and in vitro fermentation of avocado fruit fractions from different varieties
Background: The rising feed shortages in livestock production have increased interest in exploring alternative resources. Avocado by-products, often discarded, may serve as a nutrient-rich and sustainable feed option for ruminants. Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition, mineral content, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and in vitro gas production of morphological fractions of ripe fruits from seven avocado varieties (Bacon, Ettinger, Fuerte, Hass, Local, Nabal, and Pinkerton) grown in the Wondo Genet district, Sidama region, Ethiopia. Methodology: Chemical analyses were conducted using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, and mineral analyses were conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, while in vitro gas production was measured following the Menke and Steingass protocol using sheep rumen fluid. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Proc Mixed procedure in SAS software (version 9.4). Results: The results revealed significant effects (P < 0.0001) of variety and morphological fraction on all measured parameters. The Nabal variety had the highest fruit, pulp, seed, and peel weights. Seeds showed the highest dry matter and in vitro dry matter digestibility, while pulp fraction had the highest ether extract and crude protein contents. Pinkerton and local varieties had the highest protein content, whereas coat was richest in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Peel fractions exhibited high ADL. The highest calcium content was found in the Fuerte variety and coat fraction, while the Pinkerton variety and pulp fraction had the highest phosphorus content. Significant differences were also observed in gas production kinetics, metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Local variety and seed fraction exhibited the highest IVDMD and SCFA, while pulp fraction had the highest ME contents. Implications: Avocado fruit by-products, especially pulp and seed, can serve as alternative ruminant feed resources, supporting sustainable livestock production and reducing agro-industrial waste; however, appropriate processing and preservation strategies are required to overcome limitations associated with long-term storage. Conclusion: Avocado fruit waste has high crude protein, ether extract, digestibility, and energy values, with significant variation across varieties and fractions, indicating their nutritional potential in ruminant feeding when suitable storage and handling practices are applied.
Copyright (c) 2026 Selamawit Terefe, Ajebu Nurfeta, Adugna Tolera http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of natural zeolite on the growth, productive performance and serum parameters of pigs
Background: In recent years, intensive animal production has negatively contributed to environmental pollution, primarily through substantial emissions of greenhouse gases. Objective: To determine the effect of including 0, 3, and 6 % clinoptilolite zeolite in the diet on productive performance, blood parameters, and nitrogen reduction in the feces of pigs. Methodology: The trial was conducted using a completely randomized block design with three treatments (0, 3, and 6 % zeolite in the diet, respectively) and three replicates per treatment. The experimental unit was the pen containing six animals (three castrated males and three females), resulting in nine pens (3 blocks × 3 replicates) with a total of 54 pigs. Blocks were formed to group animals with homogeneous initial conditions (initial body weight (BW), age, and physical location). The experiment was carried out in three production phases: starter (11 ± 2 kg BW), grower (30 ± 2 kg BW), and finisher (60 ± 2 kg BW), concluding with final weights of 95.0 ± 5.0 kg. The study lasted 116 days, plus 15 days for adaptation to handling and diet. Diets differed in crude protein content according to each production stage. Results: No effects were observed on productive performance variables; however, clinoptilolite zeolite (ZC) affected blood concentrations of total proteins (p ≤ 0.01) and urea (p ≤ 0.01) during the grower and finisher phases. Additionally, fecal N concentration decreased in all production stages. Implications: ZC can improve protein metabolism and reduce nitrogen excretion without compromising productivity, providing environmental benefits. Conclusions: The inclusion of 3 and 6 % ZC did not influence the productive performance of the animals in any of the three evaluated phases. Nevertheless, its supplementation increased blood total protein concentration during the grower stage and reduced urea levels during the finisher phase. Moreover, ZC supplementation significantly decreased fecal nitrogen content across all production stages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Froylan Rosales Martínez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Typification of livestock production units based on the management and use of available feed inputs in dual-purpose systems
Background: The southern part of the State of Mexico is known for its livestock farming and milk production. However, a key issue in these areas is livestock feed, which represents the highest production cost, and seasonal forage production. In this regard, the relevance of using feeding strategies is determined by agroclimatic conditions. Objective: To typify dual-purpose (DP) livestock production units based on management practices and the use of available feed inputs. The study was conducted in four municipalities in the southern part of the state of Mexico, based on the monitoring of 213 production units (PU). Methodology: The information was analyzed using multivariate statistics: a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to standardize the information and a Cluster Analysis (CA) to classify the PUs. Results: The PCA yielded a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sample adequacy measure of 0.608, with a Bartlett chi-square test of 1367.419 (P<0.05) and four components that explained 74.23% of the total variance of the model. The CA yielded four groups defined as: supplements for cows (G1SC), semi-intensive (G2SI), supplements for fattening (G3SF) and traditional (G4T). G1SC was the smallest group with the largest herds and extensive areas. G2SI grouped the largest number of PUs and was characterized by cattle being fed in stables for most of the year. G3SF consisted of PUs with medium-sized areas and herds, which fatten animals. G4T was characterized by PUs with small herds and reduced areas where cattle graze all year round. Implications: Agroclimatic conditions and topography play a significant role in seasonality and forage production, as well as in producers' decisions regarding the inputs used to feed livestock, which is reflected in the orientation of livestock production. Conclusion: The typology obtained is fundamental for planning feeding strategies, depending on the time of year and the inputs available in the UPs, which may vary according to the management system.
Copyright (c) 2026 CYNTHIA ANGÉLICA AGUÍRRE SÁNCHEZ, ANASTACIO GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ, BENITO ALBARRÁN PORTILLO, SHEREZADA ESPARZA JIMÉNEZ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preliminary evaluation of ruminal degradation kinetics of diets containing Bursera simaruba foliage flour
Background. The search for alternative forage sources has become increasingly important due to seasonal feed scarcity and the need for sustainable livestock production systems. Bursera simaruba (Sarg.) represents a promising native forage species with potential nutritional value for ruminants, but its ruminal degradation characteristics remain poorly understood. Objective. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the ruminal degradation of diets with different inclusion levels of Bursera simaruba foliage flour in cattle. Methodology. Three rumen-cannulated cows (380 ± 10 kg live weight) were used to evaluate four treatments: Bs0) control diet without inclusion; Bs15) diet with 15% inclusion; Bs30) diet with 30% inclusion; and Bs45) diet with 45% inclusion. B. simaruba foliage with 90 days of regrowth was used. Ruminal degradability was evaluated using the nylon bag technique incubated at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Data were fitted with the equation p = a + b (1- Exp(-ct)). Results. The rapidly soluble fraction (a) of dry matter and crude protein was higher in Bs15 (p < 0.05). The effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein at a passage rate of 0.02 h-1 was similar between Bs0 and Bs15 (p > 0.05), both being higher than Bs30 and Bs45. Implications. The 15% inclusion level of B. simaruba maintained ruminal degradation parameters similar to the control diet, suggesting potential applicability in tropical cattle feeding systems. However, this preliminary study has significant methodological limitations including confounding effects between B. simaruba inclusion and forage:concentrate ratios that limit definitive conclusions. Conclusion. The findings suggest that moderate inclusion (15%) of B. simaruba might maintain ruminal degradation parameters similar to a control diet, but additional studies with more robust experimental designs are needed to validate these results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Rodolfo Canul Solis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization of family production systems for blue corn and berries in the Sierra Nevada of Puebla, Mexico
Background: In the Sierra Nevada de Puebla, Mexico, indigenous farmers have developed resilient family farming systems with local, healthy, and specialty crops that operate under adverse conditions yet maintain biocultural, socioeconomic, and ecological relevance as expressions of Localized Agri-Food Systems (LAFS). Objective: To characterize blue corn and berry production systems in three locations using the LAFS theoretical framework, identifying farmer profiles, production practices, and collaborations to generate knowledge that strengthens public policies aimed at food sovereignty and territorial development. Methodology: A survey and simple random sampling technique were used to administer questionnaires to 221 farmers in San Mateo Ozolco, San Miguel Tianguizolco, and San Diego Buenavista in 2023-2024. Sociodemographic, technical-productive, environmental, cultural, and commercial variables were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Spearman's correlations to identify differences and relationships among them. Results: The blue corn and berry production systems were characterized. They present limitations in financing, technical assistance, and organization; however, they exhibit territorial multifunctionality (bioculturality, social inclusion, local economy, environmental conservation, and food security), determined by sociodemographic factors (gender, age, education, native language), organizational factors (community cohesion, financing), and labor factors (type and labor force), that also influence the productivity and resilience of the systems. Implications: The invisibility of these systems limits progress toward a fair, resilient, and socially inclusive agri-food model. Conclusions: These systems constitute differentiated SIALs that require strengthening through territorialized public policies and the articulation of local knowledge with theoretical frameworks that guarantee their sustainability and resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reyna Concepcion Xochipa-Morante, José Luis Carmona-Silva, Jose Roberto Xochipa-Morante, Andrés Pérez-Magaña, Juan Alberto Paredes-Sánchez, Luciano Aguirre-Álvarez, Huberth Vargas-Picado, Antonio Macías-López http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity for testa seed color among sesame populations, collected in Central and Northwestern Mexico
Background: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an oilseed with demand for direct and industrial consumption due to its nutritional value and phytochemical components. The color of the coat appears to be related to the seed biochemical properties, antioxidant activity and biological properties. Objective: To identify and generate knowledge on seed coat color variability in sesame accessions from central and northwestern Mexico. Methodology: 73 sesame populations were collected in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Michoacán, Guerrero, Sinaloa and Sonora. Color parameters L*, a*, and b* were recorded through readings in a Hunter-Lab miniScan XEPLUS colorimeter. The tone (hue) was calculated by means of arctan expression (b*/a*) and chroma as: [(a*)2 + (b*)2]1/2. Readings were taken in triplicate on a 10-g seed sample. The data were processed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal components (PCA) and hierarchical clusters. Results: Low coefficients of variation were found in the parameters of the HunterLab scale, 0.64, 1.85, 0.91, 0.97 and 1.06% for L*, a*, b*, chroma and hue, respectively, indicating that the color information of the seed coat is consistent, allowing to identify groups of populations by color as follows: 5 light color populations, 37 cream color, 23 brown and 8 dark color. The PCA, based on L*, hue and chroma, indicated that the first PC explains 95% of the total variation among populations, and the cluster analysis allowed differentiation among non-dark coat populations. Implications: Complete chemical and proximal determinations are required with special interest in black sesame due to its nutraceutical quality. Conclusions: Producers preserve genetic diversity by cultivating different local genotypes based mainly on yield and grain color diversity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Serafin Cruz Izquierdo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beneficial insects in maize crops: response to the use of biotrational insecticides for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda
Background: the use of pesticides has had a negative impact on the environment and human health. This is why sustainable alternatives, such as biorational insecticides, are being promoted. However, several studies have reported sublethal effects on beneficial insects, highlighting the need for further research. Objective: to evaluate the effects of biorational insecticides on damage caused by S. frugiperda and beneficial insect communities in corn crops. Methods: an experimental plot of hybrid corn (variety Sorent) was established in an agricultural area of the Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Conkal from June to August 2021. Two biorational treatments (Spinetoram and Novaluron) and one control were applied. Insects were collected using sweep nets, forceps, and aspirators, identified to the family level, and classified into functional groups. To analyze the composition of beneficial insects, Whittaker plots were constructed, and a Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to assess differences in composition and abundance among treatments. In addition, damage and parasitism rates in Spodoptera frugiperda were evaluated, and the presence of pesticides in beneficial insects was also assessed. Results: a total of 639 beneficial insects were collected from the maize crop, including 491 predators, 85 decomposers, 43 parasitoids and 20 pollinators. There were no significant differences in the number of beneficial insects in each treatment group. S. frugiperda caused visible damage to the plants, but again, there were no significant differences between the treatments. The percentage of parasitoidism obtained with the Braconidae and Tachinidae families was 13.15%. Pesticides, including insecticides such as HCH and DDT, and the herbicide glyphosate, were present in the crop. Implications: the results indicate that biorational insecticides can be integrated into pest management programs without significantly affecting beneficial insects. Conclusion: it is crucial to evaluate the long-term effects of using these products on biodiversity and the health of agroecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alejandra Gonzalez-Moreno http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Technological and economic trajectories of the Mexican sugar agroindustry (2014–2024)
Background: The sugar agroindustry in Mexico has undergone significant transformations in the last decade due to the interaction of various technological, economic, and social factors that have modified the productive trajectory of this agricultural sector. Objective To analyze the technological trajectory of sugarcane harvesting in the Mexican states with the highest national production (2014 to 2024) to identify regional and temporal patterns. Methodology: Data from the National Committee for the Sustainable Development of Sugarcane (CONADESUCA, 2024) were used to analyze the following variables: total sugar production, industrialized area, number of harvesters, degree of mechanization in harvesting, theoretical KARBE (Sugarcane Amount Residue), reference prices, and agro-industrial yields. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) test was applied to the factors (state and year of production), along with multiple factor analysis. Results: Differences were found in the factors analyzed. The sugarcane agroindustry in the states of Jalisco and San Luis Potosí stands out for its mechanization, while Veracruz, although it has consolidated its position as a national leader due to its size, still lags behind in technological modernization, similar to the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. Multiple Factor Analysis revealed three important trajectories: 1) 2014–2018, characterized by high production volumes and efficiency; 2) 2019–2021, identifying structural tensions and changes in direction; and 3) 2022–2024, representing the dominance of mechanization and price volatility as central variables. Implications: These findings provide evidence to guide public policies and sustainability strategies in the sector. Conclusion: The Mexican sugarcane agro-industry is moving towards an economic-technological logic where mechanization and efficiency are consolidated as determining factors of its competitiveness and future sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Armida-Lozano, Gustavo Lopez-Romero, Felipe Gallardo-López, Gregorio Hernadez-Salinas, Juan Cristóbal Hernández-Arzaba, Emmanuel de Jesús Ramírez-Rivera, Diego Esteban Platas-Rosado http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Soil acidity status and lime requirements for agricultural lands in Kenya
Background. Soil acidity is a major soil health challenge that impacts agricultural productivity in Kenya while information on its national extent and severity remains limited. Objective. To determine national extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity, estimate the number of farming households affected and quantify lime requirements for acid soils within the Country. Methodology. This was achieved through application of data-driven approach, utilizing existing soil data collected at 0 -30 cm depth between 2012 and 2024, gridded environmental GIS layers, digital farmer registry data and geospatial analysis techniques. Soil pH and exchangeable acidity were then integrated to map acidity classes, estimate affected land area and households, and compute lime requirements for soils with pH≤5.5. Results. Soil pH (H2O) across the Agricultural soils ranged from 3.7 to 10. 8. Approximately 13.29% (7.7 million ha) of the national land area was affected by soil acidity (pH ≤ 5.99), comprising < 1% (< 100 ha) extremely acid (pH ≤ 4.5), 0.2% (0.12 million ha) very strongly acid (pH 4.51 – 4.99), 5.5% (3.16 million ha) strongly acid (pH 5.00 – 5.50) and 7.6% (4.4 million ha) moderately acid (pH 5.51 – 5.99). The soil acidity problem spanned across 29 counties, with higher severity in Western, Rift Valley and Central Kenya. The counties with largest proportion of acidic land were Kisii (100%), Nyamira (100%), Vihiga (93%), Nandi (91%) and Kakamega (91%). Out of the 6.4 million digitally-registered farming households nationwide, Kisii County had the highest number (184,103) and proportion (83.6%) affected. Additionally, lime requirements at pH <5.5 were observed to vary widely ranging from 269 metric tons (MT) in Kakamega to 8 MT in Kisumu, and 0.58 ± 0.08 t ha-1 in Nakuru to 1.51 ± 0.07 t ha-1 in Nyamira. Implications. Obtained spatially-explicit soil acidity maps and lime requirement estimates provides evidence for supporting government and stakeholders in operationalization of soil health interventions, lime use policies, subsidy programs and prioritization of acid soil remediation and research. Conclusion. This study provides a nationally representative, spatiall assessment of soil acidity and lime requirements, offering critical guidance for targeted remediation and integrated soil health management approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Duba Golicha, Esther Mwende Muindi, Kennedy Were, Hannington Ochieng, Joyce Addah Omwakwe, David Kamau http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biological control effect of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on Neopestalotiopsis rosae under controlled conditions
Background: The strawberry crop (Fragaria x ananassa) faces a wide range of fungal phytopathogens that cause various diseases during its phenological cycle, with Neopestalotiopsis rosae having a significant impact. Objective: To evaluate the biocontrol in-vitro of N. rosae-induced crown rot by using Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with potential applications in strawberry crops. Methodology: The pathogen was isolated from infected plants of the Frontera, Festival and Albion varieties in the state of Michoacán, followed by its purification and morphological and molecular identification. Under laboratory conditions, a strain of T. harzianum provided by a phytopathology laboratory was used to perform dual-culture inhibition assays on potato dextrose agar. Results: The results showed a percentage of N. rosae growth inhibition ranging from 58.94% to 81.63%. Furthermore, in bioassays carried out with B. amyloliquefaciens, inhibition percentages were observed, which ranged between 62.50% and 72.87, highlights the potential of both biological agents in the management of this disease. Implications: These findings suggest that Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens could represent promising components of integrated disease management strategies. Their significant antagonistic activity indicates potential for reducing reliance on synthetic fungicides and supports further investigation under greenhouse and field conditions to validate their efficacy against crown rot caused by Neopestalotiopsis rosae. Conclusion: The strains of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens demonstrated strong antagonistic activity against Neopestalotiopsis rosae, indicating their potential as effective biocontrol agents for managing crown rot in strawberry crops.
Copyright (c) 2026 Epifanio Castro del Ángel, Maria Magdalena Cervantes Zúñiga, Kenzy Ivvet Peña Carrillo, Agustín Hernádez Juárez, Gabriel Gallegos Morales, Juan Carlos Delgado Ortiz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity and regional distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Veracruz, Mexico
Background: Sugarcane is one of the most important crops in Mexico due to its extensive cultivation, the production of high-value commercial products, and its significant economic impact. Among the main pests affecting this agroecosystem are plant-parasitic nematodes. However, despite their potential to reduce crop productivity, these organisms have received limited attention in Mexico. Objective: To determine the diversity, distribution and abundance of phytoparasitic nematodes associated with Saccharum officinarum L. in the state of Veracruz. Methodology: A total of 50 composite soil and roots samples were collected from the supply areas of five sugar mills located across the four sugarcane growing regions of the state during the 2023 tillering season. Nematodes were identified to genus level, quantified, and their diversity and abundance were analyzed in relation to soil texture and organic matter content. Results: Nine genera of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with sugarcane were identified: Aphelenchus, Criconemoides, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Psilenchus, Rotylenchus, Trichodorus, and Trophurus. Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus were the most abundant genera and were detected in 100% of the soil and root samples. The highest average population densities of Pratylenchus were recorded in the supply areas of El Modelo and Mahuixtlán mills, with 1,430 and 1,247 individuals per 50 g of root, respectively. The nematode genera identified were primarily associated with clay and loam textures soil textures. No relationship was observed between soil organic matter content and the presence of specific genera. Implications: This study is the first diagnosis of phytoparasitic nematodes in the main sugarcane-growing regions in Veracruz. Further research is required to assess the damage potential of each species and establish economic thresholds based on agronomic and environmental condictions in each production region. Conclusion: The presence of plant-parasitic nematodes in the sugarcane rhizosphere was confirmed. The genus Pratylenchus was predominant and may be responsible for yield losses in the crop.
Copyright (c) 2026 Carlos Yair Vásquez-González, Fernando Hernández-Baz, Alejandro Salinas-Castro, Noe Aguilar-Rivera, Daniel López-Lima http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Las plantas medicinales del herbario “Dr. Jerzy Rzedowski Rotter” y su uso en municipios de la región Golfo de México
Antecedentes. El ser humano para satisfacer sus necesidades de salud ha hecho uso de los recursos que se encuentran a su alrededor. Desde una visión sistémica, se puede considerar a las regiones bioculturales de México como una propiedad emergente que resulta de la interacción sociedad-naturaleza. Objetivo. Analizar el aprovechamiento de las plantas medicinales en municipios de la región Golfo de México las cuales fueron depositadas en el herbario CORU “Dr. Jerzy Rzedowski Rotter”. Metodología. La información de las plantas medicinales fue extraída de cada ficha y se capturó en una tabla dinámica de Excel, la cual estuvo dividida en columnas que incluyó información sobre la familia, género, especie, lugar y fecha de colecta, informante, uso de la planta, tipo de enfermedad atendida, órgano de la planta utilizado, y características físicas de las plantas colectadas. Los datos fueron analizados en el programa Minitab 21 y en el programa Gephi para la representación de redes complejas basadas en estadística de frecuencias y cruce de información en matrices de doble entrada. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que los informantes (116) fueron mayormente mujeres (70 %) y en menor proporción hombres (30 %). El municipio con mayor registro de plantas fue Zongolica, Veracruz en el cual existe presencia de la etnia nahua. El total de plantas registradas fue de 661 en donde sobresale la familia Asteraceae con 117 especímenes. El uso de la planta completa fue la principal forma de aprovechamiento con índice de agrupación de 134. La vía de administración es principalmente oral con un 57 %. Implicaciones. El presente trabajo requirió el diseño y la integración de matrices para concentrar información sobre el uso de las plantas medicinales y analizarla con el enfoque de redes complejas. Los resultados resaltan la importancia cultural de la diversidad vegetal. Conclusiones. Los informantes presentaron una edad avanzada y proporcionalmente fueron más mujeres. La familia taxonómica con más especies utilizadas por los informantes fue Asteraceae y se encuentra asociada a municipios con presencia etnia nahua y zoque-mixe. El principal uso de las plantas es para atender malestares relacionados al estómago cuya preparación se basa principalmente en el uso de toda la planta y las hojas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismael Quiroz Guerrero, Yaqueline Antonia Gheno Heredia, Gloria Esperanza De Dios León, Emmanuel De Jesús Ramírez Rivera http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agromorphological diversity and structuring of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) accessions from the National Germplasm Collection of INIA Peru
Background. Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is a key crop for food security along the Peruvian coast due to its high nutritional value and tolerance to drought and heat. However, the agromorphological variability of its national germplasm had not been characterized comprehensively or across multiple years. Objective. To characterize the agromorphological diversity over multiple years and identify phenotypic groups among 35 accessions of the National Lima Bean Germplasm Collection (INIA–Peru). Methodology. Thirty-six descriptors (17 qualitative and 19 quantitative) were used to characterize agromorphology across three consecutive growing seasons (2021, 2022, and 2023). A factorial analysis of mixed data (FAMD) was applied, followed by hierarchical clustering, estimation of Shannon and Pielou diversity indices, mean comparisons, and Pearson correlations. Results. Four phenotypic groups were identified, mainly defined by traits related to earliness and productivity. The Shannon (H′ = 1.05) and Pielou (J′ = 0.95) indices revealed high diversity in pod and seed traits. Quantitative variables, except leaflet length, differed significantly among groups (p < 0.01), and strong correlations were found among earliness traits (r > 0.87) and among yield components (r = 0.74–0.84). Implications. This research provides key information to support conservation strategies and the use of lima bean germplasm in genetic improvement programs in Peru and other similar agroecological regions. Conclusions. The National Lima Bean Germplasm Collection of INIA exhibits a broad and structured phenotypic diversity organized into four groups, supported by nine qualitative and eighteen quantitative discriminant descriptors.
Copyright (c) 2026 LEANDRO JOEL AYBAR PEVE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mammal composition in an agroforest system with oil palm plantations, Campeche, Mexico
Background: The expansion of oil palm farming in Mexico has generated a debate about the socio-environmental impacts it is causing. Regarding the effects on biodiversity and faunal communities, there is a lack of information, since only five studies are registered, two are prospective inventories of vertebrates and three that compare mammals and amphibians diversity between plantations and fragments of natural vegetation. Objective: To compare the composition of terrestrial mammals in an agroforestry system with productive conversion to oil palm plantations. Methodology: In the ejido Chekubul, Campeche, México, from photo-trapping stations, alpha diversity, species richness and relative abundance were obtained for a palm plantation and a remnant of medium sub-evergreen forest. Results: For the palm grove and the forest, 1026 and 1443 photographic captures were obtained that belong to individual records of 11 and 10 species of wild mammals. In both types of vegetation, the abundance was dominated by three species tolerant to disturbance: Dasyprocta punctata, Nasua narica and Pecari tajacu. Mesopredators (Leopardus wieddi and Leopardus pardalis) were also recorded, as well as specialist species (Tamandua mexicana and Dasypus novemcinctus) and generalists (Procyon lotor and Didelphis marsupialis). Implications: Didiversity indicators showed that there were no significant differences between the palm plantation and the forest, having that the species composition recorded for both vegetation covers correspond to the same faunal community, which uses the mosaic of agroforestry units (remnants of primary and secondary vegetation, low-scale palm plantations <60 ha, pastures, self-consumption crops, bodies of water), to move in search of food resources, shelter and rest areas. Conclusions: The strategy of productive conversion to agroforestry systems can be a better alternative, to agro-industrial plantations, to promote wild mammal diversity in agricultural landscapes where palm activity expands, being essential to maintain the heterogeneity of the landscape by primarily ensuring the conservation of the remnants of natural vegetation and that the oil palm plantations to be small-scale.
Copyright (c) 2026 oscar gustavo retana guiascón http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diversity of Glomeromycota in orchards of Persea americana Mill. with different agronomic management in Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
Background. Avocado (Persea americana) is a fruit crop of economic importance to Mexican agriculture which is experiencing increasing global demand. Consequently, the cultivated area and the use of chemical fertilizers have expanded. Agrochemicals can negatively affect soil health and reduce both the infectivity and effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Moreover, the composition of the AMF species may shift, favoring species adapted to high-disturbance conditions (ruderal strategy). Objective. To estimate the richness and abundance of AMF virtual taxa (VT, a proxy for “species”) in two avocado orchards differing in soil management practices. Methodology. Soil samples were collected from two orchards: Orchard 1 without agricultural management and, Orchard 2 with agricultural management. The soil was used to increase AMF propagules in trap plants and for physicochemical analyses. DNA was extracted from root segments and soil spores obtained from trap plants. Next, nested PCR using specific primers to amplify the Glomeromycota phylum was performed, then amplicons of ITS rDNA fragments were purified and sequencing in the Illumina MiSeq (2x300) platform. Results. A total of 29 virtual taxa were identified, 10 of which were resolved to species level, while the remaining fungal types belong to eight genera. 10 VT were shared between Orchards, six were exclusive to Orchard 1, and 13 to Orchard 2. However, in Orchard 1, 98.33% of the relative abundance was concentrated in only four VT, while in Orchard 2, three VT (98.51%) were dominated. Although richness (q = 0) was higher in Orchard 2 than in Orchard 1, the diversity indices of order 1 (q = 1) and 2 (q = 2) indicated no significant differences between orchards. Implications. This study suggests that agrochemicals may act as an environmental filter on AMF community assembly, favoring species with a ruderal strategy that translocate fewer nutrients to host plants. Additionally, new AMF species were recorded for Nayarit (Dominikia difficilevidera, Microkamienskia divaricate, and Orientoglomus emiratium). Conclusion. The use of agrochemicals alters the composition and abundance of AMF. Furthermore, molecular tools allowed us to increase the number of AMF species recorded in Nayarit.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abigail Balderas-Alba, Paúl Alán Báez-Astorga, Ignacio E. Maldonado-Mendoza, Gabriela R. Peña-Sandoval, Rocío Vega-Frutis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Land suitability analysis for arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) production in the state of Chiapas, Mexico
Background: Chiapas is the main coffee (Coffea arabica) producer in Mexico. However, this sector faces environmental, productive, and socio-economic limitations. Among them, the lack of spatial information at the local level to support decision-making constitutes a critical factor. Objectives: i) To generate a land suitability map for C. arabica production in Chiapas, Mexico and ii) to assess under which suitability conditions coffee is currently grown in the state. Methodology: We used geospatial information on mean annual temperature, annual accumulated precipitation, soil texture, and altitude, along with the locations of 325,268 plots cultivated with C. arabica, covering an area of 246,911.4 ha. The suitability map was developed using a weighted sum multicriteria analysis, assigning equal weight to all variables. Results: Precipitation was identified as the most restrictive variable, providing the smallest area with optimal conditions, which highlights the sector’s vulnerability under climate change scenarios. In Chiapas, Mexico, 214,300 ha were classified as highly suitable for coffee cultivation; however, only 25,045.6 ha (50,209 plots) are currently cultivated under these conditions. In contrast, about 90% of the coffee-growing area is located on lands with limitations for optimal development: 126,659.4 ha classified as medium suitability; 40,118.9 ha as low suitability and 36,899.8 ha as unsuitable. This same trend was observed in six of the most important coffee-producing municipalities located in the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Mexico. Implications: The generated suitability map represents a strategic tool for land-use planning and shade coffee management, aimed at optimizing productivity and reducing climate risks. It also supports the design of promotion policies, the implementation of sustainable production practices, and fair pricing schemes for producers in highly suitable areas. Conclusions: Although Chiapas, Mexico, has a considerable area of highly suitable land for coffee cultivation, most coffee plantations are located on land with productive limitations. This underscores the need to integrate spatial information into decision-making to strengthen the resilience of coffee farming, anticipate future scenarios, and ensure the sustainability of the sector in this region.
Copyright (c) 2026 JOSE MANUEL SALVADOR CASTILLO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of various manures on the availability and uptake of nitrogen, and chlorophyll content of rice plants in inceptisols
Background. The threat of ecological damage caused by chemical pollution in agricultural practices has led to the emergence of environmentally safe alternatives, such as organic farming. Inceptisols are acidic soil that has low levels of essential nutrients, especially nutrients N, P and K, so that additional nutrients are needed from outside through organic fertilisation using manure. Objective. To find local potential manure that is expected to overcome the problem of Inceptisols, which are low in nutrients, especially N. Methodology. This research uses a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 10 treatments: P1 = control; P2 = NPK 200 kg ha-1; P3 = Cow manure 10 t ha-1; P4 = Chicken manure 10 t ha-1; P5 = Goat manure 10 t ha-1; P6 = Quail manure 10 t ha-1; P7 = Cow manure 5 t ha-1+ NPK 100 kg ha-1; P8 = Chicken manure 5 t ha-1+ NPK 100 kg ha-1; P9 = Goat manure 5 t ha-1+ NPK 100 kg ha-1; P10 = Quail manure 5 t ha-1 + NPK 100 kg ha-1. Soil parameters include: Soil N-Total, pH H2O, CEC, and C-Organic. Plant parameters include: Plant tissue N, plant N uptake, and chlorophyll content. Results. The results showed that manure had an effect in increasing soil N-total content, N uptake, and chlorophyll content of rice plants. The treatment of 5 t ha-1 quail manure + 100 kg ha-1 NPK gave the highest N-total of 0.29%, N uptake of 130.59 g plant-1 and chlorophyll content of rice. Implications. The application of local potential manure can reduce the use of chemical fertilisers. Conclusion. The application of various types of manure can increase nitrogen (N) availability, N nutrient uptake, and chlorophyll levels, and reduce the need for high doses of chemical fertilisers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suntoro Suntoro, Ganjar Herdiansyah, Hery Widijanto, Eko Samiadji, Maroeto Maroeto, Annisa Fitriyani Adien Istiqomah, Adelia Pebrina Liestyabudi, Latukha Duta Permana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seasonal effects on basal growth and its relationship with wood density in tropical tree species of the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico
Background. In seasonally dry tropical forests, water availability determines the growth of plants. Diameter growth rate has a direct relationship with the density and relative water content in the wood and this relationship can be strengthened according to environmental seasonality. Objective. To determine the effect of seasonality in diameter growth and its relationship with wood density. Methods. The study was conducted at site Forest Reserve El Colegio de la Frontera Sur in Chetumal, Quintana Roo March 2010- March 2011. Diameter growth (DG), wood density (WD) and relative water content in wood (RWC) were determined during one year at two-week intervals. 16 tree species were studied. Results. The seasonality in rainfall directly influences the DG, this is corroborated by the high growth rate in the rainy season, plus WD is a determining factor in the growth rate, as it is directly related to RWC and the DG. In the dry season four functional groups were identified. A) soft wood trees with low WD, high RWC and high DG; B) WD trees with high, intermediate RWC and moderate DG; C) trees with high WD, intermediate RWC and slow DG; D) trees with high WD, under RWC without DG. Implication. The water availability significantly influences the growth rate and wood density. Conclusions. The growth rate is directly related to the WD and the RWC, this in turn is influenced by water availability. This relationship identifies a seasonal response and allows distinguishing functional groups.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jorge Palomo-Kumul, Mirna Valdez-Hernández, Edith Osorio-de-la-Rosa, Gerald A Islebe, Gabriela Cruz-Piñon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of sucrose and bencyladenine concentrations on in vitro organogenic development of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)
Background: Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is one of the most economically important ornamental species in Mexico, particularly in the State of Mexico. Optimizing in vitro propagation protocols is crucial to overcome the limitations of conventional methods and meet the demand for high-quality plants. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of benzyladenine (BAP) and sucrose on the in vitro organogenesis of C. morifolium var. Indianapolis. Methodology: A completely randomized experimental design with a 3x3 factorial arrangement, plus a control, was established. Three concentrations of BAP (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L⁻¹) and three of sucrose (30, 45, and 60 g L⁻¹) were evaluated in an MS basal medium. The control consisted of a standardized medium with kinetin (1.0 mg L⁻¹) and sucrose (40 g L⁻¹). Variables of survival, callogenesis frequency, leaf number, main shoot length, and root length were recorded after 70 days of culture. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: The combination of 0.5 mg L⁻¹ BAP and 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose (T4) significantly promoted survival (100%), shoot length (15.7 mm), and leaf number (6.2). The highest frequency of callogenesis (95.8%) was observed in the absence of BAP and with the maximum sucrose concentration (T3). Root development was limited across all treatments, observed in only 10% of explants, with no statistically significant differences among the treatments that induced roots. Implications: Optimizing the balance between hormonal and carbon source is fundamental to directing in vitro morphogenesis. The identified protocol (0.5 mg L⁻¹ BAP and 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose) allows for efficient direct organogenesis, which can lead to faster and more uniform clonal propagation, benefiting the productivity and competitiveness of ornamental growers. Conclusion: The concentration of 0.5 mg L⁻¹ BAP combined with 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose constitutes an optimal stimulus for direct organogenesis in C. morifolium, maximizing survival and shoot development, while high sucrose concentrations induce a stress response leading to callogenesis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jesús Ignacio Reyes Díaz, Cristopher Zanabria-Gutiérrez, Guadalupe Ramírez-Zea http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimation of nuclear DNA content in germoplasm of Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. using flow cytometry
Background. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. is a grass native to Mexico with a high capacity for adaptation in areas with limited moisture. It has physiological and morphological characteristics that are of interest in genetic improvement programmes for the restoration of degraded areas and the establishment of pastures for livestock grazing. In addition, flow cytometry can provide useful information in the study of the plant genome of this grass, such as nuclear DNA content (2C value) and its correlation with ploidy levels. Objective. To determine the nuclear DNA content of 57 ecotypes of Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) to infer their ploidy level. Methodology. Nuclear DNA content was estimated using flow cytometry. The internal standard was Zea mays L. The analysis considered average fluorescence intensity indices with a coefficient of variation <5%. Based on the fluorescence index and the 2C DNA value of the internal standard, the absolute DNA content (2C) in pg of each ecotype was obtained. The level of ploidy was inferred from the data obtained. Results. The range of nuclear DNA content of the ecotypes analysed ranged from 1.66 to 5.67 pg. Four different ploidy groups were found, with the tetraploid level predominating with 39 ecotypes. Implications and Conclusion. There is considerable variation in the nuclear DNA content of B. curtipendula (Michx.) Torr., a valuable forage grass for rainfed pastures, and flow cytometry was useful in determining this variation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Evert Villanueva Sánchez, Edgar Pozos-Méndez Eduardo Pozos Méndez, Martha Hernández Rodríguez, Adrián Raymundo Quero Carrillo, Hugo Alejandro Álvarez Hernández http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of intercropping maize-legume on the growth and pest damage in a maize landrace in Yucatan
Background. In Mexico, small-scale farmers carry out a significant portion of maize production in systems associated with legumes, which may provide advantages associated to the agronomic performance of maize. Objective. To assess the effect of intercropping maize-legume on maize growth and pest damage (fall armyworm and maize bushy stunt complex). Methodology. The experiment was conducted in the field using a complete randomized block design with four replications. Three planting arrangements were evaluated as treatments: maize-cowpea at simultaneous planting date (MF0); maize-cowpea with legume sown 20 days after maize planting (MF20), and monoculture of maize (MM). Results. The arrangement MF20 showed significant positive effects on plant height, number of leaves, and dry weight of maize stems and leaves. There were no significant differences among treatments in the percentage of plants damaged by pests; however, the degree of damage by fall armyworm was statistically higher in the arrangement MF20. Implications. Intercropping maize with legumes may improve agronomic performance of maize, as a result this may enhance the grain production for human consumption. Conclusion. Intercropping maize and cowpea with the legume sown 20 days after maize planting resulted in improvements in maize vegetative growth variables, but there was no significant influence on reducing fall armyworm damage or preventing maize bushy stunt. Further studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility other species of edible legume.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aldo D. Chan-Arjona, Esau Ruiz Sánchez, Roberto R. Ruiz-Santiago, Rene Garruña-Hernández, Luis Latournerie-Moreno, Jacques F. Pierre, Luis F. C. dos Santos http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficient disinfection of soursop (Annona muricata L.) explants for in vitro micropropagation
Background: Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a tropical fruit with important nutritional and medicinal properties. Clonal multiplication of soursop by in vitro tissue culture is the best alternative for genetic improvement and conservation purposes. Objective: To reduce the level of persistent microbial contamination in soursop explants to facilitate their introduction to in vitro tissue culture. Methodology: Leaf explants (LE) and internodal segments (IS) from ex vitro plants were disinfected with different concentrations of active chlorine and ethanol, and different combinations of antibiotics and fungicides: Treatment 1: Streptomycin:tetracycline with carbendazim (Strept100:Prozycar); Treatment 2: Streptomycin:tetracycline with benomyl (Strept100:Benomyl); Treatments 3, 4 and 5: Same as Treatment 2, with no ethanol wash and addition of 100, 200 or 300 ppm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), respectively. Disinfected explants were cultivated on MS medium in the presence of different combinations of plant growth regulators (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin (Kin). Results: Strept100:Prozycar and Strept100:Benomyl combinations left ~96/98 % and ~60/54 % of LE/IS contaminated, respectively. The addition of AgNPs improved decontamination (~6% of LE and ~9% of IS, respectively). Simultaneous addition of 1.5 mg·mL-1 BA and 2.0 mg·mL-1 2,4-D, with a subsequent step with 0.5 mg·mL-1 Kin, led to the higher in vitro regeneration rates (~95.6% of LE and ~93.9% of IS). Implications: The reduction of internal contamination facilitates in vitro micropropagation of species of the Annonaceae family. Conclusion: The use of AgNPs was decisive to reduce internal contamination, improving conditions for the in vitro propagation of soursop tissues.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Pérez-Pascual, Alondra del Carmen Juárez-González, Doribet Jiménes-Guillen, José Juan Zúñiga-Aguilar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative chromosome study of the White Chinese and Napurí varieties of Allium sativum L.
Correction to: http://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.6180 Title: Allium santivum was corrected to Allium sativum Methodology: The concentration of 8-Hidroxiquinolina was corrected to 0.002M These corrections have been made in the published PDF file. A footnote has been included detailing these updates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nickolle Calderon-Merma, Loidith Huamani-Taype, Camila Hurtado-Ojeda, Sandro Jhonatan Condori-Pacsi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0